Amazonian freshwater habitats experiencing environmental and socioeconomic threats affecting subsistence fisheries

Matching the trend seen among the major large rivers of the globe, the Amazon River and its tributaries are facing aquatic ecosystem disruption that is affecting freshwater habitats and their associated biodiversity, including trends for decline in fishery resources. The Amazon’s aquatic ecosystems, linked natural resources, and human communities that depend on them are increasingly at risk from a number of identified threats, including expansion of agriculture; cattle pastures; infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, logging, mining; and overfishing. The forest, which regulates the hydrological pulse, guaranteeing the distribution of rainfall and stabilizing seasonal flooding, has been affected by deforestation. Flooding dynamics of the Amazon Rivers are a major factor in regulating the intensity and timing of aquatic organisms. This study’s objective was to identify threats to the integrity of freshwater ecosystems, and to seek instruments for conservation and sustainable use, taking principally fish diversity and fisheries as factors for analysis.     

川东丘陵区青花椒种植对土壤肥力的影响

以川东丘陵区退耕青花椒林、弃耕地和农耕地为研究对象,对青花椒林分(2 a、5 a、9 a和14 a,分别以QHJ2、QHJ5、QHJ9和QHJ14表示)及对照农耕地(CK)和弃耕地(14 a,QGD)土壤物理性质、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性进行研究,并利用隶属函数法对土壤肥力进行综合评价,探究青花椒不同种植年限对土壤肥力特征的影响,以指导青花椒种植和培肥改土。结果表明:青花椒林和弃耕地的土壤持水量、孔隙度、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性均为高于CK,且随青花椒种植年限的增加而增加;相反,花椒林和弃耕地的土壤容重低于CK,且逐渐随青花椒种植年限的增加而降低。土壤肥力综合值呈QHJ14QHJ9QGDQHJ5QHJ2CK的变化规律,林地均显著高于农耕地,QGD与QHJ14差异显著而与QHJ9差异不显著;土壤肥力综合值与土壤物理性质、养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量呈显著相关(P0.05)。说明种植青花椒具有显著的培肥效应,对于提高川东丘陵区土壤肥力和促进农民增收致富具有重要作用,土壤肥力综合值能综合反应土壤肥力高低差异。     

鄱阳湖流域叶面积指数时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982~2001年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI数据,根据简单生物模型SiB2的方法计算鄱阳湖流域叶面积指数LAI,分析不同植被类型LAI年内和年际变化及其与降水、气温的关系。结果显示：在年内,LAI从1月开始减小,至3月降到最小,之后开始迅速增大,7月达到最大值,然后又开始减小;各植被覆盖类型LAI与前3月降水和前1月平均气温相关性较强,并且全部通过95％的显著性检验。在年际上,各植被覆盖类型LAI在20 a间无明显整体增大或减小趋势,但每隔2~3 a呈锯齿状增大减小交替变化,其中常绿针叶林LAI变幅较大,在23~35之间,而林地草原LAI变化较平缓,在05~09之间;植被LAI年际变化受流域内5~7月降水年际变化的影响较大。在空间上,植被LAI在春、冬季整体较小,空间分布差异也较小,仅在流域边缘山区林地覆盖区稍大,其余大片区域LAI值很低,且分布比较均一;夏、秋季LAI较大,空间分布差异也较大,其空间分布主要与流域内土地覆盖类型有关     

基于信息熵的灰色模型在地质灾害评价中的应用——以四川青川县为例

地质灾害的发生是由地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、气象条件和人类工程活动等诸多因素综合作用的结果,依靠知识与监测无法完全认识其复杂的演变机制,是一种典型的"灰色系统"。基于灰色理论的模型在区域地质灾害危险性评价中得到了广泛的应用,但是由于地质灾害的复杂性,这种以模型为核心的评价方法难以抽象或概化出模型所需的条件,因此出现了评价方与评价对象之间的"不兼容"现象。传统的方法是利用人为的主观判断来获取评价模型所需的条件,不可避免地带来评价的随意性与主观性。通过引入信息熵理论,对传统的灰色模型进行修正,建立了基于信息熵的灰色模型,很好地解决了这个问题。以四川青川县为例,对该模型的正确性进行了应用,取得了较好的效果。     

中国流域水资源生态补偿的法律问题与对策

随着我国经济社会的不断发展,水资源不足和水质污染引起的水危机已经成为许多地区可持续发展中的重要制约因素.在这种背景下,为了平衡环境、社会和经济多元利益,寻求先进的法律机制来调节平衡、保护流域生态环境、促进流域的可持续发展已成为一种共识.开展流域水资源生态补偿是实现流域上下游之间等相关方利益公平的关键所在.但由于我国缺乏生态补偿立法和相应的制度安排,流域水资源生态补偿目前仍面临许多问题:我国流域水资源生态补偿进展缓慢、法律制度滞后、部分法律法规彼此之间矛盾和相互冲突、流域水资源生态补偿的法律制度缺位、立法模式不适合当今流域生态环境问题解决等.本文通过对我国有关涉水法律中存在问题的分析,提出一些有关流域水资源生态补偿法律制度建设和完善的对策,以期对中国流域水资源生态补偿的推进和进一步实现水资源的可持续利用有所帮助.     

川东北-川西输气联络线工程对驷马保护区的影响评价及对策

对川东北-川西输气联络线工程对四川驷马省级自然保护区自然资源、自然生态系统和主要保护对象的影响进行了评估。其主要结论是:在施工期,四川驷马自然保护区的森林面积将减少,水体质量将降低,部分野生动物将受到损伤或远离现有的栖息地,部分植物个体将被采伐,生态系统结构将发生变化,主要保护对象也将受到一定的影响;在运营期,四川驷马自然保护区自然资源、自然生态系统和主要保护对象受联络线工程的影响较轻。为了减轻影响,从控制影响因素方面提出了一些建议。     

Watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factor of perfluorinated surfactants in Korean peninsula

Long-range transport of and exposure to perfluorinated substances (PFSs) strongly depend on their emission mode. In the present study, watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factors are estimated for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexylsulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctylsulfonate (PFOS) by using spatially distributed data of chemical concentrations together with water flows and a geographic information system (GIS). Average per capita emissions (emission factor, μg capita⁻¹ d⁻¹) are 75 for PFOA, 36 for PFNA, 17 for PFHxS, and 43 for PFOS, which are several times lower than the estimates for Japan and the European continent. A relatively uniform distribution is observed for PFHxS and PFOS emission factors, while elevated values of PFOA and PFNA predominate in one of eight river basins. This may indicate the leading contribution of diffusive sources (e.g. nonpoint source) for PFHxS and PFOS versus the presence of localized point sources for PFOA and PFNA. The lower-upper bound of total riverine loads discharged annually from the Korean peninsula are in the range of 0.53-1.3 tons for PFOA, 0.09-0.60 tons for PFNA, 0.07-0.29 tons for PFHxS, and 0.19-0.73 tons for PFOS, accounting for <1% of global annual emissions. Furthermore, these riverine discharge loads are significantly greater than the discharge loads from a wastewater treatment plant, indicating the necessity of further study of nonpoint sources.     

江西柘林水库集水区近50年气候干湿状况研究

柘林水库的面积和库容较大,但集水区面积相对较小,水资源亏缺是其主要制约因子,研究近50 a来水库集水区的气候干湿状况和变化趋势,对于水库的运行调度、效益发挥以及制定科学的投资计划具有很好的参考价值。基于江西柘林水库集水区内3个常规气象站1958～2007年的逐日降水、气温等要素观测资料,计算不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,以衡量集水区干湿情况;用FAO Penman Monteith 方法计算参考蒸散量;以年降水量与年参考蒸散量的差值近似代表最大径流深度。采用线性趋势拟合、滑动平均等分析方法,对水库集水区的旱涝、参考蒸散量、最大径流深度等的时间分布状况、季节变化、变化趋势等进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）柘林水库集水区1998年以来年降水量呈明显下降趋势,而年参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,导致年最大径流深度下降明显,水库水资源不足;（2）近50 a柘林水库集水区的降水集中度呈增加趋势,强降水对总降水量的贡献增大,旱涝发生风险均增加;（3）近50 a柘林水库集水区旱涝互现、旱重于涝     

西部中小城市低碳城市规划的实践和思考——以四川省广元市为例

我国快速城市化面临全球气候变化的巨大挑战。城市作为CO2的高排放区,节能减排将对我国的城市发展模式与格局产生深远影响。本文以四川广元市为例,首先综述低碳城市规划的内涵,然后探讨广元市低碳城市规划的框架体系及各组成要素,并总结广元市低碳城市规划过程中遇到的挑战和问题。文章认为:西部中小城市低碳城市规划是我国低碳城市发展战略的重要组成部分,是促进西部城市转变发展模式、推进西部大开发的重要保障。     

Relevance of Hydro-Climatic Change Projection and Monitoring for Assessment of Water Cycle Changes in the Arctic

Rapid changes to the Arctic hydrological cycle challenge both our process understanding and our ability to find appropriate adaptation strategies. We have investigated the relevance and accuracy development of climate change projections for assessment of water cycle changes in major Arctic drainage basins. Results show relatively good agreement of climate model projections with observed temperature changes, but high model inaccuracy relative to available observation data for precipitation changes. Direct observations further show systematically larger (smaller) runoff than precipitation increases (decreases). This result is partly attributable to uncertainties and systematic bias in precipitation observations, but still indicates that some of the observed increase in Arctic river runoff is due to water storage changes, for example melting permafrost and/or groundwater storage changes, within the drainage basins. Such causes of runoff change affect sea level, in addition to ocean salinity, and inland water resources, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Process-based hydrological modeling and observations, which can resolve changes in evapotranspiration, and groundwater and permafrost storage at and below river basin scales, are needed in order to accurately interpret and translate climate-driven precipitation changes to changes in freshwater cycling and runoff. In contrast to this need, our results show that the density of Arctic runoff monitoring has become increasingly biased and less relevant by decreasing most and being lowest in river basins with the largest expected climatic changes.