Adapting to climate variability: Pumpkins, people and policy

Understanding of how best to support those most vulnerable to climate stress is imperative given expected changes in climate variability. This paper investigates local adaptation strategies to climate variability, focusing on agricultural decision‐making in a communal irrigation scheme in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Research done through interviews, surveys and participatory methods demonstrates that adaptation strategies within a community are socially differentiated and present differing objectives and priorities. These results highlight the need for intervention and policy that support a heterogeneous response to a wide range of stresses. Evidence for climate change is clear and the need for adaptation is urgent. However, adaptation measures have to be sensitively integrated with ongoing development pathways to ensure they are sustainable and relevant to local priorities.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

江苏、南部下、中侏罗统的划分

江苏南部的下、中侏罗统,长期以来笼统称之为象山群。本文根据地层岩性特征和大量动植物化石的研究,结合与邻区地层之对比,将江苏南部下、中侏罗统进一步划分为下侏罗统南象山组及中侏罗统北象山组;前者为含煤地层,大致相当于原象山群下部(或下段为),后者为红色地层,大致相当于原象山群上部(或上段)。     

大亚湾日本星杆藻种群动态及其与环境因子的关系

研究了1997～1998年及1999和2000年春季大亚湾日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)种群动态及其与环境因子之间的关系.日本星杆藻是大亚湾浮游植物常见优势种类,可在全年温度范围(14～32.8℃)内形成数量高峰,并发生水华.日本星杆藻在1998年和2000年春季不常出现,但1999年春丰富的营养盐含量及它们之间合适的比值、多变的水温、稳定的盐度和晴朗的天气使日本星杆藻迅速生长,并发生了水华,最高细胞密度达5255cells/mL.水华消耗了大量的营养,水华期间DIN、DIP和Dsi分别下降了76.0%、69.7%和58.8%,而且营养元素的消耗特别是DIN的耗尽是水华消退的重要原因,而桡足类等浮游动物摄食也是水华消退的原因之一.     

珠江三角洲河流及南海近海区域表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

利用GCECD检测了珠江三角洲主要河流、珠江河口及南海近海岸带共计50个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,主要检测出DDTs、HCHs和七氯等农药.有机氯农药含量范围为0.176～12.85ng·g-1,分布特征为珠江、东江>西江>珠江口>南海近海;南海样品的含量随着离岸距离的增加而下降.与1997年的样品相比较,珠江三角洲河流中有机氯农药含量明显下降,主要原因是有机物的降解作用.但DDTs农药仍然对该区生物造成潜在的负面影响.DDTs农药的组成特征表明,除西江有新近使用的DDT外,其余区域以农药残留为主.DDTs主要以还原产物为主,但随传输距离的增加,氧化产物逐渐成为主要组分.有机质含量与有机氯农药间的相关性分析表明,有机质在控制有机氯农药在沉积物中的分布上起着重要作用.     

南海岛礁环境下304不锈钢腐蚀行为分析

目的 研究304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁大气、飞溅、潮差和全浸区环境下暴露0.5 a的腐蚀行为与规律.方法 通过实海环境适应性试验,获取304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁环境下的腐蚀数据.通过腐蚀形貌观察,明确304不锈钢的主要腐蚀形式.通过电化学测试分析,评价304不锈钢耐蚀性能,阐明其腐蚀机理.结果 304不锈钢在南海岛礁环境下以点蚀为主,4个区带的平均腐蚀速率分别为0.8、1.1、1.3、3.2μm/a,平均点蚀深度分别为13.57、15.26、18.62、2.43μm,最大点蚀深度分别为28.85、35.63、32.93、40.25μm.交流阻抗和Mott-Schottky曲线测试结果显示,四个区带试样的电荷传递阻抗分别为1.27×107、8.76×106、7.35×105和5.76×105?·cm2,载流子含量分别为6.56×1022、1.01×1023、2.80×1023和4.15×1023 cm?3.在全浸环境下,304不锈钢钝化膜破损最严重,耐蚀性下降最大.结论 在大气区和飞溅区,304不锈钢以点蚀为主,并在固定部位伴随有轻微缝隙腐蚀;在潮差区和全浸区,由于钙镁沉积物和海生物附着,304不锈钢表面形成大量Cl?饱和、低溶解氧浓度的腐蚀微电池环境,发生了严重的局部腐蚀,且以全浸区最为严重.     

严酷海洋大气环境下玻璃纤维复合材料腐蚀老化规律研究

目的 研究严酷海洋大气环境下,玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料的腐蚀老化规律.方法 通过实海大气环境试验,分析了南海岛礁大气环境下,复合材料暴露不同周期后的腐蚀形貌特征以及力学性能变化规律,建立了腐蚀老化性能预测灰色模型GM(1,1),并与青岛、厦门和三亚等典型海洋大气环境进行对比研究.结果 随暴露时间的增长,南海岛礁大气环境下的复合材料发生严重的纤维裸露,其弯曲强度呈下降趋势,基于弯曲强度建立的灰色模型GM(1,1)精度达到1级;与其他典型海洋大气环境相比,随着纬度的降低,复合材料的弯曲强度呈下降趋势.结论 灰色模型GM(1,1)对复合材料在岛礁等严酷海洋大气环境下的腐蚀老化性能预测精度较高.影响复合材料性能的最主要环境因素为辐照,其次为相对湿度和温度.     

Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 1: Concentrations in alligators harvested for consumption during South Carolina public hunts

Environmental contamination resulting from the production or release of harmful chemicals can lead to negative consequences for wildlife and human health. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were historically produced as protective coatings for many household items and currently persist in the environment, wildlife, and humans. PFAAs have been linked to immune suppression, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity in wildlife and laboratory studies. This study examines the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, as an important indicator of ecosystem contamination and a potential pathway for PFAA exposure in humans. Alligator meat harvested in the 2015 South Carolina (SC) public hunt season and prepared for human consumption was collected and analyzed for PFAAs to determine meat concentrations and relationships with animal body size (total length), sex, and location of harvest. Of the 15 PFAAs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found in all alligator meat samples and at the highest concentrations (median 6.73 ng/g). No relationship was found between PFAA concentrations and total length or sex. Concentrations of one or all compounds varied significantly across sampling locations, with alligators harvested in the Middle Coastal hunt unit having the highest PFOS concentrations (median 16.0 ng/g; p = 0.0001). Alligators harvested specifically from Berkley County, SC (located in the Middle Coastal hunt unit) had the highest PFOS concentrations and the greatest number of PFAAs detected (p < 0.0001). The site-specific nature of PFAA concentrations in alligator meat observed in this study suggests a source of PFAA contamination in Berkley County, SC.     

A botanical importance rating system for estuaries

In many semi-arid areas, estuaries are threatened because of freshwater impoundment. Estuaries are important sites for ecological diversity and, increasingly, for recreation. A system has been developed which rates estuaries according to their botanical importance. A formula allows a single numerical importance score to be calculated. The area cover of each estuarine plant community type (i.e. intertidal salt marsh, submerged macrophytes, reed/sedge swamps and supratidal salt marsh) and its importance in the estuary forms the basis of the score. The ‘ecological condition’ of the plant community and the community richness within the estuary are incorporated into the formula. The formula is effective in determining the botanical importance of estuaries. Further methods to determine the zoological, physical and socio-economic importance of estuaries need to be developed to allow the overall importance of estuaries to be determined.     

中韩海洋环境管理的要素特征及比对分析

通过对中国和韩国的海洋环境行政管理的特征、海洋环境管理法律的特征以及海洋环境政策的特征的分析和比对,认为较之韩国的海洋综合管理而言中国的海洋环境管理过于分散,而与中国的海洋环境管理政策的协调性相比韩国的海洋环境政策过于独立.尽管中韩海洋环境管理都存在着一定的缺陷,但两国都意识到世界发展趋势和新的秩序变革,并为建立先进的海洋环境管理体制积极地进行相关调整和改革.