岳阳南湖水质变化趋势与保护措施研究

应用湖泊完全混合模型和狄龙模型，预测了岳阳经济技术开发区和南湖旅游度假区建成后对有水质的影响，结果表明南湖水质污染将会加剧。根据南湖污染源的情况，文中提出了相应的水质保护措施。     

Assessing the performance of SIA in the EIA context: A case study of South Africa

This article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of international guidelines and best practices. It includes sections on the historical background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. The conclusion reached in the article is that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and methods. This conclusion confirms the findings of empirical studies that SIA in South Africa is neglected, that the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet on a sound footing, and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a country beset by enormous social challenges. To conclude the article recommendations are made to improve the level of SIA practice in South Africa, and the possible significance of this national case study for international practice is indicated.     

Endemism and Regional Color and Genetic Differences in Five Putatively Cosmopolitan Reef Fishes

Abstract:  Endemism is thought to be relatively rare in marine systems due to the lack of allopatric barriers and the potential for long-distance colonization via pelagic larval dispersal. Although many species of coral reef fishes exhibit regionally restricted color variants that are suggestive of regional endemism, such variation is typically ascribed to intraspecific variation. We examined the genetic structure in 5 putatively monospecific fishes from the Indo-West Pacific ( Amphiprion melanopus , Chrysiptera talboti , and Pomacentrus moluccensis [Pomacentridae] and Cirrhilabrus punctatus , and Labroides dimidiatus [Labridae]) that express regional color variation unique to this area. Mitochondrial-control-region sequence analysis showed shallow to deep genetic divergence in all 5 species (sequence divergence 2–17%), with clades concordant with regional color variation. These results were partially supported by nuclear RAG2 data. An analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) mirrored the phylogenetic results; Φ_ST values ranged from 0.91 to 0.7, indicating high levels of geographic partitioning of genetic variation. Concordance of genetics and phenotype demonstrate the genetic uniqueness of southwestern Pacific color variants, indicating that these populations are at a minimum distinct evolutionarily significant units and perhaps distinct regionally endemic species. Our results indicate that the alpha biodiversity of the southwestern Pacific is likely underestimated even in well-studied groups, such as reef fishes, and that regional endemism may be more common in tropical marine systems than previously thought.     

主要农业气象灾害风险评估技术及其应用研究

基于灾害风险分析的原理,论文提出了我国几种主要农业气象灾害风险评估的技术方法。包括一年生农作物、多年生果树减产率序列的构建技术,不同致灾因子、致灾指标序列的构建技术,灾害风险估算模型的构建技术;致灾损失(减产率)的风险评估技术,致灾指标的风险评估技术,减灾措施降低灾害风险的评估技术。通过对1961～2000年逐日气象资料与产量、灾情资料的相关分析研究,筛选出适用于北方地区冬小麦干旱、东北地区玉米和水稻冷害、江淮地区冬小麦和油菜涝渍、华南地区香蕉和荔枝寒害风险评估的主要致灾因子、致灾等级、致灾指标及其对应的减产率。以北方地区冬小麦干旱、华南地区香蕉和荔枝寒害风险评估为例,给出了针对一年生农作物、多年生果树不同承灾体类型的风险概率估算方法及其风险等级划分。结果表明:北方地区冬小麦干旱、华南地区香蕉和荔枝寒害风险概率分布有着很好的连片性和区域性。北方地区冬小麦全生育期内,自然水分亏缺的风险概率很高,随着灌溉次数的增加,缺水率的风险概率逐渐降低。一般在轻旱年灌水1～2次、中旱年灌水2～3次、重旱年灌水3次之后,大部分地区都能基本满足冬小麦的需水要求,缺水率出现的概率已经很小。     

南水北调东线工程底泥污染物对水质的影响评价

在南水北调东线工程黄河以南区域,对河流、湖泊的底泥进行了监测,并对不牢河的底泥进行了冲刷试验,根据获得的实测资料和试验数据,对底泥污染物对水质的影响进行分析评价.结果显示,底泥中的重金属类汞和砷,有机类污染指标中的总磷,总氮,CODCr和CODMn的最大溶出浓度均较高,它们有可能成为影响水体质量的潜在污染源.从接近于实际调水情况的冲刷试验结果看,底泥中的污染物对水体水质的影响较小.      

美国加州空气质量政府管理模式及对中国的启示

中国城市空气污染呈区域化和恶化趋势,亟需突破当前空气质量管理模式的制约.从管理体制和管理内容两方面对美国空气质量政府管理模式的先进经验进行了分析,并与北京市空气质量管理模式进行了初步比较,得出中国空气质量政府管理模式缺乏外部性的考虑；政府部门内部机构按照行政管理过程划分,导致管理成本偏高；决策机制与执行机制未分离,影响行政效率；对污染源的管理不专业；缺乏信息公开和公众参与等问题.建议成立空气质量管理分局,对固定源实行排污许可证管理,对移动源实行统一综合管理,细化面源的管理,建立空气质量管理信息公开平台.     

‘Development’ at the crossroads: biodiversity and land-use tensions on South Africa’s Wild Coast

In South Africa, extreme rural poverty often geographically overlaps with areas of high and important biodiversity. Attempts to bring about land-based poverty reduction projects in such areas tends to trigger tensions among stakeholders purporting to be concerned about local people’s welfare, as well as the environment. Using discursive document analysis and semi-structured interviews, the paper discusses a case study of the Wild Coast, an area celebrated for its high biodiversity and ‘beauty’, which reveals that a tension among environmental non-government organisations, government agencies and the private sector, on the best development option, exacerbates the threats to local livelihood options and biodiversity conservation.     

南水北调中线水源地汉江上游流域主要生态环境问题及对策

汉江上游是南水北调中线水源地，流域生态环境建设是保障水源地水质安全的关键。针对上游流域水环境污染、土地利用以及水土流失等重大生态环境问题，结合流域数字高程模型及水质调查对其进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）丹江流域、库区流域及汉中盆地水质较差，CODMn和氨氮成为水源区主要污染物；（2）各子流域区植被覆盖占各自面积的712%~957%，表明流域植被覆盖较好，但沿河岸100 m范围内农业用地占292%~434%，且多为坡耕地；（3）流域水土流失严重，2000年左右流域侵蚀图显示汉江源头、秦岭南及大巴山北均出现了大片年均侵蚀模数>2 200 t/km2的区域，且有日益增强的趋势。提出加大水环境污染整治力度、加强农业用肥管理及河岸带建设、水土保持建设以及加强流域水环境及水土保持监测和科研工作等对策。     

A Regional Perspective on the Diversity and Conservation of Tropical Andean Fishes

Abstract: The tropical Andes harbor an extraordinarily varied concentration of species in a landscape under increasing pressure from human activities. Conservation of the region's native plants and animals has received considerable international attention, but the focus has been on terrestrial biota. The conservation of freshwater fauna, particularly the conservation of fishes, has not been emphasized. Tropical Andean fishes are among the most understudied vertebrates in the world. We estimate that between 400 and 600 fish species inhabit the diverse aquatic environments in the region. Nearly 40% of these species are endemic. Tropical Andean fishes are vulnerable to ongoing environmental changes related to deforestation, water withdrawals, water pollution, species introductions, and hydropower development. Additionally, their distributions and population dynamics may be affected by hydrologic alterations and warmer water temperatures associated with projected climate change. Presently, at least three species are considered extinct, some populations are endangered, and some species are likely to decline or disappear. The long‐term persistence of tropical Andean fishes will depend on greater consideration of freshwater systems in regional conservation initiatives.     

Characterization of Drought in the South Atlantic,United States

Drought has been less extensively characterized in the humid South Atlantic compared to the arid western United States. Our objective was to characterize drought in the South Atlantic and to understand whether drought has become more severe in this region over time. Here we used monthly streamflow to characterize hydrological drought. Hydrological drought occurred when streamflow fell below the 20th percentile over three consecutive months and terminated once streamflow remained above the 20th percentile for three consecutive months. We characterized the frequency, duration, magnitude, and severity of events using the above definition. Significant changes in drought characteristics were tested with Mann‐Kendall over three periods: 1930‐2010, 1930‐1969, and 1970‐2010. We show that 71% of drought events were shorter than six months, while 7% were multiyear events. There was little evidence of trends in drought characteristics to support the claim of drought becoming more severe in the South Atlantic over the 20th Century. The one exception was a significant increase in the joint probability of nearby basins being simultaneously in drought conditions in the southern portion of the study area from 1970 to 2010. While drought characteristics have changed little through time, decreasing average streamflow in non drought periods coupled with increasing water demand provide the context within which recent multiyear drought events have produced significant stress on existing water infrastructure.