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111.
Slope,aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jonathan Bennie Brian Huntley Andrew Wiltshire Mark O. Hill Robert Baxter 《Ecological modelling》2008
The slope and aspect of a vegetated surface strongly affects the amount of solar radiation intercepted by that surface. Solar radiation is the dominant component of the surface energy balance and influences ecologically critical factors of microclimate, including near-surface temperatures, evaporative demand and soil moisture content. It also determines the exposure of vegetation to photosynthetically active and ultra-violet wavelengths. Spatial variation in slope and aspect is therefore a key determinant of vegetation pattern, species distribution and ecosystem processes in many environments. Slope and aspect angle may vary considerably over distances of a few metres, and fine-scale species’ distribution patterns frequently follow these topographic patterns. The availability of suitable microclimate at such scales may be critical for the response of species distributions to climatic change at much larger spatial scales. However, quantifying the relevant microclimatic gradients is not straightforward, as the potential variation in solar radiation flux under clear-sky conditions is modified by local and regional variations in cloud cover, and interacts with long-wave radiation exchange, local meteorology and surface characteristics. 相似文献
112.
113.
To date, many water quality monitoring networks for surface freshwaters have been rather haphazardly designed without a consistent or logical design strategy. Moreover, design practices in recent years indicate a need for cost-effective and logistically adaptable network design approaches. There are many variables that need to be included in a comprehensive yet practical monitoring network: a holistic appraisal of the monitoring objectives, representative sampling locations, suitable sampling frequencies, water quality variable selection, and budgetary and logistical constraints are examples. In order to investigate the factors which affect the development of an effective water quality monitoring network design methodology, a review of past and current approaches is presented. 相似文献
114.
The Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments Along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
El Nemr A Said TO Khaled A El-Sikaily A Abd-Allah AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,124(1-3):343-359
Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from 31 sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea coast. All sediment
samples were analyzed to determine aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC)
contents and grain size analysis. Total concentrations of 16 EPA-PAHs in the sediments were varied from 88 to 6338 ng g−1 with an average value of 154 ng g−1 (dry weight). However, the concentrations of total aliphatic were varied from 1.3 to 69.9 ng g−1 with an average value of 15.6 ng g−1 (dry weight). The highest contents of PAHs were found in the Eastern harbor (6338 ng g−1), Manzala (5206 ng g−1) and El-Jamil East (4895 ng g−1) locations. Good correlations observed between a certain numbers of PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The
average total organic carbon (TOC) percent was varied from 0.91 to 4.54%. Higher concentration of total pyrolytic hydrocarbons
(∑COMB) than total fossil hydrocarbons (∑PHE) declared that atmospheric fall-out is the significant source of PAHs to marine
sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special
PAHs compound ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene vs fluoranthene/pyrene; ∑COMB/∑EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially
traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in most locations. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH
contaminations were noticed in the harbors due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships
staying alongside the quays. 相似文献
115.
Wang H He M Lin C Quan X Guo W Yang Z 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,133(1-3):231-242
Surface sediment samples from 12 sites of the three selected rivers in Daliaohe River watershed (Hunhe River, Taizihe River
and Daliaohe River) were analyzed with the objective of establishing sources and hazard of the organochlorinae pesticides
(OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in surface sediments. The total concentrations of OCPs varied from 3.06 to 23.24
ng g−1. ∑HCH (α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, γ-HCH), ∑DDT (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT) and ∑Cyclodiene (Heptachlor, Aldrin,
Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, Endrin) ranged from 1.86 to 21.48, 0.5 to 2.81 and 0.56 to 1.53 ng g−1, respectively. Results of OCPs also illustrate that the most dominant pollutants among the OCPs was ∑HCH, and γ-HCH was the
most dominant isomer in HCH, which was evidence of recent input of lindane. It possibly came from the runoff of polluted soils
and long-scale transportation. Total PCB concentrations ranged between 1.88 and 16.88 ng g−1. The peak concentrations of PCBs were found in sediments from station T5 and D3, which are in the vicinity of industrial
areas and ferry, respectively. These data show a moderate level of OCPs and PCBs contaminations compared to that in other
countries. 相似文献
116.
Cape JN 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):391-397
The effects of ozone and other photochemical oxidants on individual trees have been studied for several decades, but there has been much less research on the potential effects on entire forest ecosystems. Given that ozone and other oxidants affect the production and subsequent fate of biogenic volatile organic compounds that act as signalling molecules, there is a need for more detailed study of the role of oxidants in modifying trophic interactions in forests. Deposition of fine particulates to forests may act as a source of nutrients, but also changes leaf surface properties, increasing the duration of surface wetness and modifying the habitat for epiphytic organisms, leading to increased risks from pathogens. Even where this pathway contributes a relatively small input of nutrients to forests, the indirect effects on canopy processes and subsequent deposition to the forest floor in throughfall and litter may play a more important role that has yet to be fully investigated. 相似文献
117.
与地震危险性分析结果相一致的震害预测方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文提出了一种基于地震危险性分析结果的震害预测方法,其震害预测结果与地震危险性分析结果相一致。并以房屋倒塌及人员死亡两个单项震害为例,说明如何把地震危险性分析结果与震害预测相结合。 相似文献
118.
Coal companies are reluctant to include wetland development in reclamation plans partly due to a lack of information on the
resulting characteristics of such sites. It is easier for coal companies to recreate terrestrial habitats than to attempt
experimental methods and possibly face significant regulatory disapproval. Therefore, we studied a young (10 years) wetland
on a reclaimed surface coal mine in southern Illinois so as to ascertain soil and water characteristics such that the site
might serve as a model for wetland development on surface mines. Water pH was not measured because of equipment problems,
but evidence (plant life, fish, herpetofauna) suggests suitable pH levels. Other water parameters (conductivity, salinity,
alkalinity, chloride, copper, total hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate) were measured, and
only copper was seen in potentially high concentrations (but with no obvious toxic effects). Soil variables measured included
pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, chloride, and percent organic
matter. Soils were slightly alkaline and most parameters fell within levels reported for other studies on both natural and
manmade wetlands. Aluminum was high, but this might be indicative more of large amounts complexed with soils and therefore
unavailable, than amounts actually accessible to plants. Organic matter was moderate, somewhat surprising given the age of
the system. 相似文献
119.
120.
浙江仇山膨润土经不同酸度活化,蒙脱石在酸度为17.5~20%时其颗粒大小、厚度趋于一致;酸度分别为12.5%,20%时集合体由絮状,团块状向厚片状,片状变化;酸度为12.5~17.5%时其颗粒边缘变为光滑,而酸度为25%时则变为锯齿状;酸度20%时,表面更加光滑,平整。蒙脱石形态直接反映它的表面积的变化,决定了活性白土脱色性能的优劣。本文讨论了蒙脱石表面积与活性白土脱色力的变化关系。 相似文献