Mammalian community characteristics on surface mine lands in Pennsylvania

Mammalian communities were studied on 10 surface mines over a four year period. The size and composition of these communities varied among the different areas. The size, composition, and spatial distribution of these mammalian communities were related to the structure of the plant community, and native plant species were of greater importance in determining size and composition of these communities than were those used in reclamation.     

楼房火灾的安全灭火时限分析与施救对策

在楼房建筑物火灾灭火时 ,常由于火燃造成建筑材料强度失效导致整体坍塌 ,给施救工作带来很大的威胁。强调了在灭火过程的始终 ,应不断进行高温状态下建筑材料强度的失效判定 ,评估出安全的灭火时限和调整施救对策 ,有利于从根本上预防楼房坍塌意外事故的发生。定义了火灾高温状态下建筑材料危险应力点上的可靠度 ,提出依据火灾现场因素和数据 ,用数值模拟方法分析建筑材料强度失效随时间的变化过程 ,确定安全的灭火时限。给出了以火灾施救为主线的并适时考虑构件强度分析和安全时限判定交叉平行作业的多阶段施救对策框架 ,建立了楼房火灾施救安全支持系统结构。     

Toxic risk of surface water pollution--six years of experience

Assessment of an ecological quality of surface water is necessary for effective protection, abatement and successive revitalisation of river ecosystems. This quality is primarily given by biological impact of surface water pollution. Substances contained in pollution are frequently toxic to aquatic organisms. Risk of chronic impact of surface water pollution is very often underestimated due to hidden long time action of pollutants. Proper estimation of the risk is not possible from results of chemical analyses and data of substances' toxicity. Chemical analyses are not able to detect all substances presented in water including the products of reactions between them. In addition, a simultaneous presence of substances can modify their final effect on aquatic organisms. Therefore, a complex method of assessment of toxic risk of surface water pollution based on ecotoxicological approach was developed. The toxic risk of surface water pollution is determined from results of evaluation of toxic risk of organic part and inorganic part of surface water pollution. Resultant degree of toxic risk of total pollution is given by the highest degree detected in any part of the water pollution. Presented method, which is routinely used for monitoring in the Czech part of the Odra river basin, was fully standardised and published in the form of the Czech branch technical norm of water management (TNV) in the year 2000.     

表面过滤技术在石灰窑气上的应用

使用寿命长的微孔薄膜复合滤料过滤石灰窑气,把温度控制在78～200℃之间。过滤风速小于2.50m/min以内,就可以确保净化后的窑气含尘浓度达标。     

黄河中游河龙地区地质灾害及其治理策略

在前人研究成果与实地调查研究的基础上，对黄河中游河口镇-龙门口地区水土流失、土地沙漠化、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及地面塌陷等地质灾害类型、特征、灾情、发展趋势进行了剖析，并根据环境现状，提出了治理灾害策略．     

A conceptual framework for assessing cumulative impacts on the hydrology of nontidal wetlands

Wetlands occur in geologic and hydrologic settings that enhance the accumulation or retention of water. Regional slope, local relief, and permeability of the land surface are major controls on the formation of wetlands by surface-water sources. However, these landscape features also have significant control over groundwater flow systems, which commonly play a role in the formation of wetlands. Because the hydrologic system is a continuum, any modification of one component will have an effect on contiguous components. Disturbances commonly affecting the hydrologic system as it relates to wetlands include weather modification, alteration of plant communities, storage of surface water, road construction, drainage of surface water and soil water, alteration of groundwater recharge and discharge areas, and pumping of groundwater. Assessments of the cumulative effects of one or more of these disturbances on the hydrologic system as related to wetlands must take into account uncertainty in the measurements and in the assumptions that are made in hydrologic studies. For example, it may be appropriate to assume that regional groundwater flow systems are recharged in uplands and discharged in lowlands. However, a similar assumption commonly does not apply on a local scale, because of the spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater recharge. Lack of appreciation of such hydrologic factors can lead to misunderstanding of the hydrologic function of wetlands within various parts of the landscape and mismanagement of wetland ecosystems.     

地面水环境质量评价方法的比较

利用单项污染指数,综合污染指数,模糊数学和灰色系统方法对山西省汾河太原段两个主要断面进行了评价,指出了这几种评价方法的优缺点,为今后的地面水环境质量评价提供了思路。     

辽河铁岭段水质监测点位布设及分析

对辽河铁岭段水质监测点位布设及各点位在环境监测、研究污染控制、环境管理和制定环境规划等方面的影响及作用进行了分析。     

临沂市的岩溶塌陷灾害及防治对策

1995年前后，山东省临沂地区郊棉纺织厂等单位相继出现地面塌陷现象，同时穿过市区一条河流的水田桥附近河水下漏。在初步断定 这些现象由岩溶塌陷引起的前提下，采用了浅层地震勘探、地质雷达探测等技术，有选择地对临沂市西郊五个重点企业进行了岩溶调查。结果表明，在临沂市郊的浅层地表普遍发育着岩溶。岩溶的类型多样，岩溶的主要特征是埋深层，空间尺度小，密度大，从地下水抽取试验看，岩溶贯通性好。针对岩溶自身的特征以及临沂市的水文地质条件和环境，提出了减少或避免塌陷灾害的对策。主要是场地稳定性分析和评价，控制抽取岩溶水以及混凝土泥浆灌注，铺设桁架和清、爆、挖、填处理或者回避等。     

细水雾灭油池火时各种影响因素的相对重要度分析

采用实验的方法并与理论分析相结合，对细水雾在扑灭B类火时，占主导地位的灭火机理进行了研究。实验中发现，当液体燃料的闪点相差较大时，其灭火机理往往不尽相同。并且当细水雾的雾特性相差较大时，在灭火中起主导作用的灭火机理常常也各有不同。因而那种单纯以雾滴的粒径分布作为细水雾扑灭燃料闪点较高的油池火时，雾滴的动量分布对细水雾的灭火有效性影响更大。为此，本文还建立了一个简单的模型，试图得到在这种火灾场景下，对细水雾灭火的临界动量要求。