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251.
阐述了环境监测系统岗位评估体系的制定原则和设置思路。岗位评估体系由3个分级设计的要素和分值组成,一级要素包括责任因素、知识技能因素、努力程度因素和工作环境因素,二级要素包括29个项目,每个岗位按二级要素的29项评分,每个项目按三级分值评价,岗位系数即为29项得分之和。提出了岗位评估过程的注意事项,并举例说明了岗位评估体系的实施成效。 相似文献
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253.
基于模糊综合评判法的矿山地质环境质量评价——以陕南铅锌矿为例 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在明晰地质灾害频发、生态环境恶化、水土环境污染严重三位一体是陕南铅锌矿山地质环境质量最核心问题的基础上,构建了陕南铅锌矿地质环境质量评价体系;基于模糊综合评判法建立了评价模型,并运用AHP法计算评价指标体系权重。应用构建的评价指标体系和方法,对陕南8个典型铅锌矿的地质环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:其中5个铅锌矿地质环境质量为优;1个铅锌矿地质环境质量为良;2个铅锌矿地质环境质量为差。 相似文献
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256.
针对我国氮氧化物减排的严峻形势,文章借鉴瑞典氮氧化物减排的税收返还制度,运用进化博弈的理论和方法,建立了政府与企业关于氮氧化物减排的进化博弈模型,并进行了求解分析。结果表明:策略(减排,税收返还制度)和策略(减排,标准减排制度)都可以是稳定均衡策略,即无论政府采取税收返还制度还是标准减排制度,只要对惩罚系数、税率等参数进行调整都能迫使企业进行氮氧化物减排。但通过模拟可知税收返还制度对企业的激励作用更大,可以促使企业长期持续的进行氮氧化物减排。 相似文献
257.
Kontogiannis T 《Journal of Safety Research》2011,42(2):73-85
Introduction
Research in human error has provided useful tools for designing procedures, training, and intelligent interfaces that trap errors at an early stage. However, this “error prevention” policy may not be entirely successful because human errors will inevitably occur. This requires that the error management process (e.g., detection, diagnosis and correction) must also be supported. Research has focused almost exclusively on error detection; little is known about error recovery, especially in the context of safety critical systems. The aim of this paper is to develop a research framework that integrates error recovery strategies employed by experienced practitioners in handling their own errors.Method and Results
A control theoretic model of human performance was used to integrate error recovery strategies assembled from reviews of the literature, analyses of near misses from aviation and command & control domains, and observations of abnormal situations training at air traffic control facilities. The method of system dynamics has been used to analyze and compare error recovery strategies in terms of patterns of interaction, system affordances, and types of recovery plans. System dynamics offer a promising basis for studying the nature of error recovery management in the context of team interactions and system characteristics.Impact on industry
The proposed taxonomy of error recovery strategies can help human factors and safety experts to develop resilient system designs and training solutions for managing human errors in unforeseen situations; it may also help incident investigators to explore why people's actions and assessments were not corrected at the time. 相似文献258.
制定适合企业自身发展的职业安全健康方针至关重要,然而目前这方面的研究相对较少。本文收集了国内27家、国外10家知名企业的职业安全健康方针,统计分析了国内外职业安全健康方针在形式和内容上的区别与联系。通过定性分析和定量研究,得出国外企业职业安全健康方针的共性特点和国内企业职业安全健康方针的最常见组合模式。理论联系实际,将我国《职业安全健康管理体系规范(》GB/T28001-2004)中方针的编写要求与研究结论相结合,探讨在新形势下,如何制定企业职业安全健康方针的方法。 相似文献
259.
In recent years, significant advances have been made in business organization and management. The growing demands of clients as well as the globalization of world markets are among the many factors that have led to the establishment of systems of quality control and environmental management as a competitive strategy for businesses. When compared to other professional sectors, the construction sector has been slower to respond to environmental problems and to adopt Environmental Management Systems (EMS). In the world today the ISO 14001 standard is currently the main frame of reference used by construction companies to implement this type of management system. This article presents the results of a general study regarding the evaluation of the application of the ISO 14001 standard at civil engineering construction worksites in the Community of Madrid (Spain), specifically pertaining to requirement 4.4.1, Resources, roles, responsibilities, and authority. According to requirement 4.4.1, company executives should appoint people responsible for implementing the EMS and also specify their responsibilities and functions. The personnel designated for supervising environmental work should also have sufficient authority to establish and maintain the EMS. The results obtained were the following: - EMS supervisors did not generally possess adequate training and solid experience in construction work and in the environment. Furthermore, supervisors were usually forced to combine their environmental work with other tasks, which made their job even more difficult. - Generally speaking, supervisors were not given sufficient authority and autonomy because productivity at the construction site had priority over environmental management. This was due to the fact that the company management did not have a respectful attitude toward the environment, nor was the management actively involved in the establishment of the EMS. - Insufficient resources were allocated to the Environmental Management Unit. As a result, the application of EMSs in construction projects often appeared to be more of a formality, which was merely a way of maintaining the certification of the Environmental Management System. It was more a means of meeting the requirements for submitting a tender to contracting organisms rather than an indicator of any real commitment to improving the environmental performance of construction companies. 相似文献
260.
A model for cost-benefit analysis of construction and demolition waste management throughout the waste chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Economic instrument is indubitably perceived as effective for encouraging or forcing contractors to conduct environmentally friendly construction practices. Previous studies in relation to this topic mainly put emphasis on economic analysis of construction and demolition (C&D) waste management from a static point of view, which failed to consider its dynamics nature by integrating all essential activities throughout the waste chain. This paper is thus intended to highlight the dynamics and interrelationships of C&D waste management practices and analyze the cost-benefit of this process using a system dynamics approach. Data related to concrete and aggregate of a construction project in Shenzhen was collected for the application of the proposed model. The findings reveal that net benefits from conducting C&D waste management will occur, but a higher landfill charge will lead to a higher net benefit, as well as an earlier realization of the net benefit. In addition, the general public under a higher landfill charge will suffer from a higher environmental cost caused by illegal dumping. The simulation results also suggest that current regulation in Shenzhen should be promoted to facilitate a dramatic increase in net benefit from the implementation of C&D waste management. This research is of value in facilitating better understanding on the dynamics of C&D waste management activities throughout the waste chain, as well as providing a tool for simulating the cost-benefit of C&D waste management practices over the project duration. 相似文献