Determinants of coverage in Community‐based Therapeutic Care programmes: towards a joint quantitative and qualitative analysis

One of the most important elements behind the success of Community‐based Therapeutic Care (CTC) programmes for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition has been their ability to achieve high levels of coverage. In CTC, coverage is measured using the Centric System Area Sampling (CSAS) method, which provides accurate and reliable estimates of programme coverage as well as information on the primary reasons for non‐attendance. Another important feature of CTC programmes is their use of socio‐cultural assessments to determine potential barriers to access and to develop context‐specific responses. By analysing data on non‐attendance provided by CSAS surveys, in conjunction with data from socio‐cultural assessments, it is possible to identify common factors responsible for failures in programme coverage. This paper focuses on an analysis of data from 12 CTC programmes across five African countries. It pinpoints three common factors (distance to sites, community awareness of the programme, and the way in which rejections are handled at the sites) that, together, account for approximately 75 per cent of non‐attendance.     

地铁车站暴雨内涝应急响应投入策略研究*

为准确高效地开展地铁车站暴雨内涝应急响应活动,增强应对暴雨内涝灾害的救援能力,采用SHEL系统模型识别响应效能影响因素,分析各影响因素之间的相互作用机制,研究如何协调各个因素的投入比例,以达到响应效能最优,利用Vensim软件,结合成都地铁11号线相关数据进行模拟仿真。研究结果表明:应急响应活动存在明显阶段性特征,应急响应活动前期应保证救援人员快速到场,中期应特别注重提高救援指挥机构决策效率,后期更应关注硬件配置,且在应急响应活动全过程中持续保证人员与其他各界面的动态匹配。研究结果可为应对暴雨内涝灾害提供参考。     

Property rights and grassland degradation: a study of the Xilingol pasture, Inner Mongolia, China

The semi-private property rights arrangement called the Household Production Responsibility System (HPRS) was started in the early 1980s in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia (China), and stimulated the development of stockbreeding. The grassland has been degrading severely with increasing numbers of livestock. Based on a historical review of property rights regimes in Inner Mongolia and empirical surveys in Xilingol pasture during 2001-2003, this paper assesses the implementation of HPRS and its impacts on incomes of households as well as the environmental impact on the grassland. It was found that HPRS does not mitigate the "Tragedy of the Commons", instead it has exacerbated the situation. It was also found that co-management of grassland and livestock among a few households presents a sustainable use of grassland to develop livestock breeding. We conclude with the recommendation that small-scale collective property rights systems should be encouraged in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia.     

Perceptions and attitudes of land managers in multi-tenure reserve networks and the implications for conservation

Multi-tenure reserve networks aim to connect areas managed for biodiversity conservation across public and private land and address the impacts of fragmentation on both biotic and social systems. The operation and function of Australian multi-tenure reserve networks as perceived by their land managers was investigated. Overall, the conservation of natural assets was the most frequently reported primary reason for involvement in a network. The perceived aims of the respective networks largely reflected the response identified for involvement and management. Over 88% of managers considered their involvement in multi-tenure reserve networks to be a positive or very positive experience. A lack of resources and time for management were considered major limitations of these networks. The majority (80%) of private land managers within networks were willing to be included in a national reserve system of conservation lands. As the Australian National Reserve System currently incorporates mostly public land, these findings have important and potentially positive implications for a greater role for protected private land.     

武钢炼钢厂落实安全生产责任制的几点经验

抓好安全生产责任制工作,是促进安全生产的良好途径,是其它各项安全生产规章制度得到实施的基本保证。介绍了搞好安全检查生产责任制的几点经验。     

A framework for dependability engineering of critical computing systems

This paper presents a development model focused on the production of dependable systems. Three classes of processes are distinguished: (1) the system creation process which builds on the classical development steps (requirements, design, realization, integration); (2) dependability processes (i.e. fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal and fault forecasting); and (3) other supporting processes such as quality assurance and certification. The proposed approach relies on the identification of basic activities for the system creation process and for the dependability processes, and then on the analysis of the interactions among the activities of each process and with the other processes. Finally, to support the development of dependable systems, we define for each system creation activity, a checklist that specifies the key issues that need to be addressed with respect to each dependability process.     

崇明生态岛建设解析

崇明岛是位于长江口、世界上面积最大的河口冲积岛。笔者构建了科学性与可操作性、现实性与前瞻性、针对性与示范性相结合的生态岛建设指标体系,并在崇明世界级生态岛建设中发挥了“引领生态岛建设方向。规范建设行为,调控建设进程”的作用,崇明生态岛建设成效初显。为了进一步发挥崇明生态岛建设的示范作用。笔者还提出了建设生态文明特区等建议。     

沈阳市生态文明体制改革规划研究

以制度体制推进环境管理的有效性,是改善环境质量、解决环境问题及实现绿色发展最为直接且经济有效的手段。通过规划,对现有生态环境制度体系存在问题进行分析,提出沈阳市制度体制改革内容,明确改革方向。设计以空间管控、生态补偿、环境监管、治理市场、绩效追责、公众参与为核心,以绿色环保产业为承接的沈阳市"6+1"生态文明制度体系,明晰政府部门责任,建立联动机制,将单项制度孤岛联系起来,以制度创新及制度体系构建推动环境管理制度改革及沈阳市生态文明建设。     

Estimating annual generation rates of total P and total N for different land uses in Tasmania, Australia

Water quality issues have become increasingly important to Australian catchment stakeholders. As extensive nutrient sampling and modelling expertise are often absent or unattainable, simple unit-area models like Catchment Management Support System (CMSS) remain an attractive option for informing water quality management decisions. The selection of nutrient generation rates for use in CMSS is often an arbitrary assignment based on limited literature sources or expert opinion. Using a Bayesian model to estimate nutrient generation rates for the region of Tasmania, Australia, improved the rigor of CMSS modelling and in the process highlighted that dairy pastures were the most significant contributor of total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads to Tasmanian rivers.     

A Web‐Based Decision Support System for Assessing Regional Water‐Quality Conditions and Management Actions1

Booth, Nathaniel L., Eric J. Everman, I‐Lin Kuo, Lori Sprague, and Lorraine Murphy, 2011. A Web‐Based Decision Support System for Assessing Regional Water‐Quality Conditions and Management Actions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1136‐1150. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00573.x Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program has completed a number of water‐quality prediction models for nitrogen and phosphorus for the conterminous United States as well as for regional areas of the nation. In addition to estimating water‐quality conditions at unmonitored streams, the calibrated SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models can be used to produce estimates of yield, flow‐weighted concentration, or load of constituents in water under various land‐use condition, change, or resource management scenarios. A web‐based decision support infrastructure has been developed to provide access to SPARROW simulation results on stream water‐quality conditions and to offer sophisticated scenario testing capabilities for research and water‐quality planning via a graphical user interface with familiar controls. The SPARROW decision support system (DSS) is delivered through a web browser over an Internet connection, making it widely accessible to the public in a format that allows users to easily display water‐quality conditions and to describe, test, and share modeled scenarios of future conditions. SPARROW models currently supported by the DSS are based on the modified digital versions of the 1:500,000‐scale River Reach File (RF1) and 1:100,000‐scale National Hydrography Dataset (medium‐resolution, NHDPlus) stream networks.