三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤中硝态氮水平运移的模拟研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土2种土壤类型作为研究对象,以KNO3为示踪剂,模拟研究硝态氮在湿地土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明,2种土壤各土层硝态氮水平运移浓度和速率均与运移距离呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,并随运移距离增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化,各土层硝态氮水平运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制;土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,并随土壤含水量增加呈指数增长曲线变化;土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移浓度与土壤水分扩散率呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,0—20cm土层硝态氮水平运移浓度随水分扩散率升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化,其他土层则呈指数增长曲线变化;草甸沼泽土比腐殖质沼泽土相应土层更利于硝态氮的水平运移,这主要与土层颗粒组成和孔隙度等物理性质的显著差异有关,而湿地水文条件可能对2种土壤物理性质的塑造有着重要影响。     

河道污染质垂向迁移对地下水影响的研究

包气带是连接地表水和地下水的重要通道,对地下水资源有很好的"屏障"功能,而近年来工农业废水及生活污水的大量排放已影响到了地下水的"安全".为此,在渭河河漫滩进行了模拟河流的垂向入渗试验,并通过建立数学模型对水分和六价铬在具有弱透水层的多层介质中的迁移进行了模拟运算.试验和模拟结果一致表明,弱透水层虽对地下水有很好的保护作用,但在上部土壤层易形成面状污染带,而且由于大的浓度梯度作用,一旦污染质穿透该层将很快污染到地下水.     

中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

岩层与地表移动控制技术的研究现状及展望

岩层与地表移动控制技术是矿山开采沉陷学的主要研究方向 ,其目的是研究合适的采矿方法和相关技术 ,尽可能地减少岩层和地表移动 ,保护地表建筑物的安全。在综合分析大量文献的基础上 ,从部分开采方法、充填开采方法、覆岩离层注浆和协调开采方法等几个方面对目前岩层与地表移动控制技术的研究现状进行了论述。展望了我国岩层与地表移动控制技术的发展趋势。     

Reduction of the movement and persistence of pesticides in soil through common agronomic practices

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.     

现代中国海平面变化规律及发展趋势的初步分析

本文根据对大量实际观测资料的统计分析认为:中国区域海面里缓慢上升趋势,在此背景下,不同地区升降趋向和幅度差异巨大;控制海面变化的因素具有多元化特点;在今后数十年内,气候和海平面的自然变化不剧烈,温室效应所引起的海平面上升幅度不超过1～2mm/a。     

GENERATING STREAMFLOW SEQUENCES WITH TREND AND CYCLICAL MOVEMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A first-order autoregressive model had been modified with the trend and cyclical movements to generate the streamflow sequences. Three main portions were involved in this modified model, i.e., six-year cycle with trend changing; six-year cycle without trend changing; and both annual and six-year cycles with trend changing. The synthetic sequences of monthly streamflow sequences were compared with the historical records obtained from the Kissimmee River basin by using the Chi-Square test for goodness-of-fit. The results indicated that the newly proposed model has a better solution than the original model because the trend and cyclical movements involved in generating sequences are much closer to the historical records.     

长江三角洲之沉降

大量第四纪钻孔揭示了长江三角洲南北平原在基底构造和地层分布上存在着明显的差异。前第四纪的三角洲北部是一个巨大的沉积盆地。新第三系沉积地层可达一千多米 ,而此时南部却是由古生代和中生代火成岩、碳酸岩和沉积岩组成的台地 ,第三系沉积地层几乎缺失。然而 ,第四系地层厚度在长江三角洲南北两地的分布已经持平 ,且地层最厚处已转移到长江口崇明岛一带 ,全新统地层更有继承此演化特征。这表明了本区沉降中心从北部逐渐向南转移的趋势 ,反映了南部基底构造在第四纪以来有明显下沉的迹象 ,是长江主河道南迁的主要地质引力。由于大量全新世沉积堆积在崇明岛前缘的沉降中心 ,重力压实作用导致该中心前部出现“泥火山” ,周围地层变形明显。本研究提出在长江河口区进行大型桥遂工程建设时应充分考虑到上述由基底改造沉降和重力沉降产生的效应     

聚合絮凝剂电解制备过程的极化特性研究

对于沙壤土柱实验，用ＴＤＲ结合土壤抽提液的溶质分析，研究了在非饱和灌溉条件下的硝化和ＮＯ＾－３的迁移，测得的土壤体电导率与土壤抽提液的电导率之比和土壤含水量成线性关系，籍此用ＴＤＲ可以确定非饱和灌溉条件下土壤中溶质浓度的变化规律；     

下扬子区中晚元古界沉积建造特征、构造运动及其演化

下扬子区中上元古界,可以分为四个构造层次.中元古界早期构造层,为一套巨厚的地槽型火山碎屑岩及砂泥质复理石建造,形成于1900-1400Ma;中元古界晚期构造层,为滨海——浅海——半深海砂泥质复理石建造.形成于1400-1000Ma;晚元古界早期构造层,为山前凹地或山间盆地磨拉石堆积,形成于1000-800Ma;晚元古界晚期(震旦系)构造层,则为砂泥质、硅质、碳酸盐岩夹冰碛砾岩建造,形成于800-600Ma.这些构造层之间不同形式的接触关系都代表着不同性质的构造运动,九岭群和修水间的修水运动,形成扬子准地台的雏型;上溪群和历口群邓家组间的祁门运动是形成扬子准地台的主褶皱幕;历口群铺岭组和震且系间的休宁运动,只使地壳抬升.这些不同性质的构造运动,也是推动地质历史演化的主要动力.