典型喀斯特城区土地利用变化对地表温度的影响分析

利用TM遥感影像数据,运用ENVI及GIS技术,提取典型喀斯特城区(白云区)2002~2013年的土地利用覆盖类型,并反演出地表温度,从而进一步分析探讨土地利用变化对地表温度的影响。贵阳市白云区是贵阳市重点工业区和新2型工业集中分布区,在2002~2013年土地利用变化明显,特别是城区建设用地增加显著,从35.11增加到71.81 km,并占用了大量耕地和灌疏林。白云区土地利用类型的变化引起地表温度的改变,尤其是建设用地的扩张对地表温度影响较大。对地表温度与NDVI关系进行分析,结果表明不同土地类型的地表温度与NDVI相关程度不同。     

The effects of climate warming on microbe-mediated mechanisms of sediment carbon emission

Due to significant differences in biotic and abiotic properties of soils compared to those of sediments, the predicted underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms of soil carbon emissions in response to warming may not be applicable for estimating similar emissions from inland water sediments. We addressed this issue by incubating different types of sediments, (including lake, small river, and pond sediments) collected from 36 sites across the Yangtze River basin, under short-term experimental warming to explore the effects of climate warming on sediment carbon emission and the underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms. Our results indicated that under climate warming CO₂ emissions were affected more than CH₄ emissions, and that pond sediments may yield a greater relative contribution of CO₂ to total carbon emissions than lake and river sediments. Warming-induced CO₂ and CH₄ increases involve different microbe-mediated mechanisms; Warming-induced sediment CO₂ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network modularity, which was significantly negatively affected by the quality and quantity of organic carbon and warming-induced variations in dissolved oxygen, Conversely, warming-induced sediment CH₄ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network complexity, which was significantly negatively affected by warming-induced variations in pH. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic drivers for sediment CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in response to climate warming should be considered separately when predicting sediment organic carbon decomposition dynamics resulting from climate change.     

超声热效应下型煤中气体解吸规律实验研究

为了研究超声热效应对于气体解吸的影响规律,利用自行研制的具备施加超声功能的吸附解吸装置,对吸附饱和氮气的型煤试件开展超声热效应下的气体解吸试验。利用试验数据,拟合出了不同氮气压力下超声热效应作用过程中温度变化方程,解吸量方程及解吸速率方程。同时,对解吸量方程和解吸速率方程进行了试验数据验证。结果表明:超声热效应作用能够有效地提高型煤试样的温度,提高氮气的解吸130.9%-145.8%。验证结果相对误差集中在5%以内,拟合方程能够反映出超声热效应作用过程中解吸量及解吸速率的变化情况。     

On the divergence criterion for runaway detection: Application to complex controlled systems

It is well-known that, for certain values of the operative parameters influencing the dynamic behavior of a chemical reactor, a phenomenon known as thermal runaway (that is, a loss of the reactor temperature control) may arise. Such a situation can be really dangerous because above a certain threshold temperature value unwanted side reactions or, worse, decompositions of the reacting mixture may be triggered evolving high amounts of flammable or toxic gases that can cause reactor pressurization and, eventually, its explosion. For this reason, since the beginning of the previous century a number of studies concerning the prediction of the so called runaway boundaries has been carried out. In this work, a modified version of the divergence criterion for runaway detection, originally developed by Zaldívar and co-workers, is presented. Such a modified divergence criterion is capable of treating whatever type of complex controlled reacting system (taking into account not only temperature control but also dosing strategies) and its reliability has been demonstrated for isoperibolic semibatch reactors using literature experimental data concerning the nitration of 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride in mixed acids and the nitric acid oxidation of 2-octanol to 2-octanone and further carboxylic acids.     

Experimental research on inhibition performances of the sand-suspended colloid for coal spontaneous combustion

Serious mine fire disasters have occurred in Northwest China where there are abundant coal resources. For the shortage of water and loess, a large cost of conventional grouting slurry is needed. However, plenty of sand and fly ash resources have been found there. In order to improve the quality of sand injection and reduce the wastage of water during grouting, a kind of new compound material of sand-suspended colloid, which is composed of mineral inorganic gel and organic polymer, was developed in this paper. And the inhibition performance experiments of the sand-suspended colloid were carried out. The results show that the sand-suspended colloid efficaciously affected the oxidation characteristics above the critical temperature during the acceleration oxidation of the lignite and fat-gas coal samples and restrained the oxidation course by increasing the activation energy, so that it reduced the contents of CO and C₂H₄ and depressed the oxidation rate during the coal spontaneous combustion, and finally inhibited the coal spontaneous combustion.     

Theoretical investigation on the relationship between tail roadway methane drainage and distribution of easily spontaneous combustible region in gob

In order to understand the influence of tail methane drainage pattern on easily spontaneous combustible region in gob, a theoretical qualitative analysis was performed in regards to the spontaneous combustion hazards resulting from drainage position and pressure. Subsequently, the software FLUENT was employed to quantitatively investigate the theoretical solutions by solving the mathematic model established with mass, momentum, component and energy conservation equations. The calculation results demonstrate that methane drainage from alternate exterior roadway to gob can increase the range of easily spontaneous combustible region dramatically; the oxidation zone width increases with increasing drainage pressure, especially near the drainage hole. The rate of temperature rise can accelerate obviously, original high temperature region backs towards gob depth due to enhanced air leakage. The conclusions summarize the negative influence of methane drainage on fire protection in gob and present a method of determining drainage parameters dedicated to prevent spontaneous combustion.     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(II)：实际火灾环境计算

目前各国规范给出的计算火灾下有匀质防火保护的钢构件温度的公式都是基于标准火灾环境得到。标准火灾只包含升温段而实际火灾包括升温段和降温段。考察了将现有公式用于实际火灾环境计算的有效性。通过工况分析,考察了不同火灾、不同厚度、不同截面和不同防火涂料情形下的钢材温度。通过与有限元分析的结果比较,我国规范推荐的公式给出的钢材温度与有限元结果符合最好。研究同时表明欧洲规范中使用的避免升温早期负钢材温度增量的方法,即升温段当计算得到的钢材温度为负值时取增量为0,会引起最高钢材温度和降温段钢材温度的偏高,不适用于实际火灾环境计算。综合而言,我国规范最适用于实际火灾环境计算。     

Temperature and industrial output: Firm-level evidence from China

We pair a firm-level panel of annual industrial output with a fine-scale daily weather data set, to estimate the responses of industrial output to temperature changes in China. We have four primary findings. First, industrial output is nonlinear in temperature changes. With seasonal average temperatures as temperature variables, output responds positively to higher spring temperatures and negatively to elevated summer temperatures. With temperature bins as temperature variables, output increases linearly with temperature up to 21–24 °C, and then declines sharply at higher temperatures. Second, lagged temperature changes exert large and significant impacts on current year’s output. Third, higher summer temperatures have larger detrimental effects on output in low-temperature regions than in high-temperature regions, which suggests that adaptation to warming may have been actively undertaken in high-temperature regions in China. Lastly, industrial output in China is projected to decrease by 3–36% by 2080 under the slowest warming scenario (B1) and by 12–46% under the most rapid warming scenario (A2) under the global climate models UKMO-HadCM3 and PCM.     

1982—2006年中国半干旱、干旱区气候与植被覆盖的时空变化

利用1982-2006年英国CRU(Climatic Research Unit)全球气温降水数据和NOAA/NASA归一化植被指数(theNormalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据,分析了中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的气候、植被覆盖的时空变化。结果表明,虽然中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的部分区域降水减少,但整体上向暖湿化发展。在暖湿化背景下,中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的植被总体以改善为主(>1%.(10a)-1),特别是新疆西北部和青海东南部;但局部有微弱的减少趋势[(0~-1)%.(10a)-1],如新疆南部和东部、甘肃西北部。最后,以乌鲁木齐为例,分析发现气温增加导致植被生长季延长和降水的增加,使得过去25年乌鲁木齐的植被覆盖有明显的改善。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(I)：理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。