Environmental hazards and risk communication

The paper conducts a retrospective analysis of the relief and recovery efforts in the aftermath of the 2001 flood disaster in the Rawalpindi—Islamabad conurbation in Pakistan. The concept of recovery back to “normal” is questioned because “normal” life in the study area was characterized by extreme poverty, injustice, exposure, and vulnerability to hazards. A strong gender dimension to the experience of relief and recovery was found from the case study. It is suggested that participatory approach to needs assessment and actual relief and recovery, with special attention to gender variables, will go a long way towards linking recovery with long-term vulnerability mitigation.     

Valuation of expectations: A hedonic study of shale gas development and New York’s moratorium

This paper examines the local impacts of shale gas development (SGD). We use a hedonic framework and exploit a discrete change in expectations about SGD caused by the New York State moratorium on hydraulic fracturing. Our research design combines difference-in-differences and border discontinuity, as well as underlying shale geology, on properties in Pennsylvania and New York. Results suggest that New York properties that were most likely to experience both the financial benefits and environmental consequences of SGD dropped in value 23% as a result of the moratorium, which under certain assumptions indicates a large and positive net valuation of SGD.     

电梯部件错误安装的危害

通过检验案例发现的隐患,阐述了安全部件在电梯运行中的重要性。对安全部件安装过程中存在的问题,分析了失效原因以及存在的问题,提出了解决方法。     

一起高压除氧器爆炸事故原因分析

除氧器是火力发电厂给水回热系统中的一个混合式加热器,它的作用是除去锅炉给水中的氧气和其它不凝结气体,以保证锅炉给水的品质,除氧器的安全运行是发电厂安全运行的有效保证。本文对火力发电厂一台20万千瓦机组在正常运行时除氧器突然发生爆炸事故进行分析,找出事故原因提出预防事故的措施。     

Disaster warning and evacuation responses by private business employees

When people are advised that their place of employment is threatened with disaster, how do they respond? Interviews with employees (n=406) of 118 businesses affected by one of seven recent disasters provide the first answers to this question. Multivariate analyses document the key variables that best predict variation are: 1) emergent perceptions of risk; 2) time of evacuation from work; 3) time of evacuation from home; 4) multiple evacuations; and 5) tension between work and family commitments. When warned of impending disaster, most employees initially responded with denial. Gradually, however, emergent perceptions of risk intensified especially among those living in communities in which the least amount of disaster planning had occurred or who resided in a mobile home or apartment. Highest levels of work and family tensions during these evacuations were reported by racial minority employees who had children living at home. Policy implications for these and other findings are discussed so as to pin‐point changes business managers should make that will enable them to provide the leadership and compassion expected by employees.     

线下顶推施工对既有线运营动态安全影响的试验研究

赣龙铁路下穿京九铁路时采用地道桥框架结构 ,施工采用顶推法 ;并采用钢便梁和挖孔桩加固以保证京九铁路的行车安全。由于运营的需要 ,将铁路行车限速由铁道部规定的 4 5km/h提高到客车 6 0km/h、货车4 5km/h ,为检验行车安全性和货车限速提高到 6 0km/h的可能性 ,南昌铁路局组织了试验列车通过便梁的试验 ,主要对轨道和便梁的动态安全性进行了测试 ;并通过对试验结果的分析和评估 ,证明了提高限速后行车的安全性 ,突破了铁道部限速规定 4 5km/h以内的限制 ,对既有线铁路施工时提高行车速度有重要意义。测试期间发现的施工便梁架设过程中存在的问题 ,对类似项目施工有一定的借鉴作用。     

利用GPS-RIK技术进行既有线曲线整正测量研究

既有线曲线整正测量是铁路既有线提速改造和工务部门大修设计的主要任务之一。需要改造的既有铁路一般均为繁忙干线，并行车密度较高。传统的测量方法是将测量仪器安置在线路上，这样不仅在作业过程中受行车干扰，作业效率也不够高，而曲线地段通视条件差，作业难度是相当大的。同时，作业人员的安全问题也变得十分突出。笔者提出采用先进的GPS-RIK技术，对既有线曲线整正进行测量。采用该技术不仅能克服气候条件的限制，而且能以较高的频率，较高的精度测定互不通视的各被测点的坐标，克服了传统的作业方法要求置镜点与被测点之间必须通视、作业受天气影响、存在误差累积、内业计算工作量大等缺陷。该法在保证作业人员安全的前提下大大提高作业效率。     

WATER AND ENERGY IN THE WESTERN COAL LANDS1

ABSTRACT: Problems of water quality and quantity are critical to development of the energy resources of the Western U. S. Based on a number of independent measures, the Upper Colorado River Basin will experience severe water availability problems in a few decades if projected energy and agricultural development occurs. Given the impending collision between the competing interests of various Western water users, water resource management and conservation deserves the utmost attention. Substantial opportunities for conservation exist in energy and agricultural development. Selection of both conversion and cooling technologies and careful siting decisions can sharply reduce the water requirements of energy development. Agricultural water conservation strategies include improving irrigation and cultivation practices, removing phreatophytes, removing marginal lands from production, and changing crop patterns. In order to accomplish significant conservation, however, there must be changes in those aspects of Western water law that remove conservation incentives from the water use system.     

防爆区气体检测仪的使用

介绍了腈纶聚合装置在防爆区现场安装的气体检测仪器。对于检测仪的软件部分,包括操作指南,只有正确使用才能发挥其作用。     

Landscape Trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States Ecoregions

Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km × 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover.