卧螺式离心脱水机在炼油“三泥”脱水中的应用

通过大庆石油化工分公司炼油厂采用卧螺式离心脱水机的工程实例,就其水,油、渣三相分离效果及流程,运行参数加以介绍。     

美国控制空气污染物的对策

城市大气污染是世界各国面临的最大挑战之一,如今已被各国政府高度重视。如何更好的防止大气污染,减轻其危害的影响,是当今重大而紧迫的课题。自20世纪70年代以来,中国政府加强了对环保工作的力度,颁布并采取了一些大气污染政策和措施,收到一定的效果,但从总体上看,环境污染和破坏还没有完全被控制。美国历史上也曾经历过严重的大气污染。但通过一系列防治法规体系的控制,美国的空气质量已得到明显的改善。文章详细介绍了美国控制空气污染的立法及对策,并对其特点进行分析,重点介绍了美国控制有毒空气污染物的对策,比较了美国控制有毒空气污染物的法规与我国法规的差异,以期为有关部门制定我国的空气污染控制对策提供支持。     

常温UASB装置设计与运行控制

五粮液集团白酒生产销售居全国同行业之首，根据白酒生产的工艺技术和水质特性选择UASB－UBF－SRB工艺处理，运行效果达到国家规定的排放标准，文章着重介绍五粮液集团某车间废水处理站厌氧处理系统四季中各种参数的协调运行控制。     

Risk-based siting considerations for LNG terminals – Comparative perspectives of United States & Europe

Siting regulations and industrial standards for liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals are evolving along different paths within Europe and the United States (U.S.). The 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 190 continues to delineate the United States process to adopt and revise safety regulations pertaining to LNG terminals and peak shaving plant sitting.¹ Embodied in these regulations are rich legal and regulatory traditions that are unique to the U.S. perspective. For example, the public is encouraged to petition existing regulations and to comment on regulatory proposals. Litigation within the U.S. court system is another means by which industry and the public may seek regulatory change. This approach promotes public involvement in governmental oversight and creates a distinctive obligation and accountability for U.S. regulatory agencies, which uniquely shape technical, safety, risk mitigation, and societal risk perspectives for siting LNG terminals.European traditions shape siting regulations for LNG terminals as well. Though American siting guidance includes references to the National Fire Protection Association’s NFPA 59A and 49 CFR, Part 193, European developers also apply the guidance within EN 1473 – a risk-based case-by-case analysis directive.^{2, 3 and 4} The NFPA 59A standard is applied for a basis to examine property line spacing as they pertain or may relate to off-site hazard impacts. The European approach applies the assessment and suitability of code compliance and the application of accepted engineering practices. In addition the approach incorporates the application of empirical risk assessments and computational modeling to reach an understanding of risk exposures. European policies set limits on the population’s cumulative exposure to facility risks and require LNG facility developers not to exceed established risk criteria.This paper describes how the U.S. and Europe site LNG terminals, identifies key differences in their risk-based approaches, and explains why these differences exist. This discussion also examines historical precedents that have influenced regulations and approval processes for siting LNG terminals within each continent.     

China, the United States and technology cooperation on climate control

The U.S. and China are the world's largest and second largest CO₂ emitters, respectively, and to what extent the U.S. and China get involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. While it is unavoidable that China will take on commitments at some specific point of time in the future, this paper has argued that the proposal for joint accession by the U.S. and China is not a way forward. For various reasons, such a proposal is in the U.S. interest, but is not in the interest of China. Given the U.S. political reality and institutional settings on the one hand and China's over-riding concern about economic growth and poverty reduction on the other, the two countries are unlikely to take on emissions caps under an international regime, at least for the time being. Therefore, we need to explore the area where cooperation between the two countries to address climate change seems best. The research, development and deployment of clean technology is the area that is in the best interests of the two countries. The U.S. has adopted a technology-oriented approach to climate issues, and has launched the four multilateral initiatives on technology cooperation and the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP). China has participated in all these U.S.-led initiatives, and is a partner to the APP. Strengthened technology cooperation between the two countries through these initiatives and the APP has led some tangible benefits. However, it should be pointed out that while technology is a critical ingredient in a climate policy package, efforts such as the APP can only be part of the solution. They alone cannot ensure that best available technologies are always deployed in the marketplace, and that new technologies will roll out at the pace and on the scale that we need. In order to have such technology-oriented approach to play a full role, we do need a coordinated policy framework agreed via the Kyoto Protocol or a follow-up regime or the parent United Nations Framework Convention.     

环保设施社会化运营面临的问题及对策

从环保设施社会化运营的实际出发，认为环保设施社会运营风险难以确定，推广困难，自建与他建的区别对待，委托方与运营公司的利益冲突等是其在推广实施过程中遇到的主要问题和阻碍。文章分析了这些问题产生的原因，并提出了加强宣传推广、探索降低风险的措施，制度和健全相应的政策法规，尽快制定环保设施运营管理有关规范等相应的对策。     

序批式活性污泥法的运行控制

论述了序批式活性污泥法 (SBR)各阶段的运行方式、污泥性能参数、在线控制等对处理效率的影响     

Reaching a forest land per capita milestone in the United States

During April 2007, forest land per capita in the United States dropped below 1 ha. This is the result of a rather static area of forest land in the United States for the past 100 years combined with population growth. The US now joins the ranks of most countries (77%) having forest land per capita below 1 ha. The combination of an increasing human population with stable or increasing per capita natural resource utilization may place even more demand on resources derived from forest land in the future. The forest land per capita should be expected to continue its downward trend unless substantive demographic, resource utilization, and land-use changes occur.     

The arrival and discharge of conjugated estrogens from a range of different sewage treatment plants in the UK

The occurrence of free and conjugated estrogens was examined in a survey of eleven sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their discharge water in the United Kingdom using grab sampling. The STPs included trickling filter with and without tertiary treatment, and activated sludge with tertiary treatment. For three activated sludge plants both influent and effluent samples were compared. For a further 8 STPs only the effluent was examined. The estrone-3-sulphate, estradiol-3-sulphate and estriol-3-sulphate concentrations (up to 20 ng L⁻¹) were typically 5-fold that of the respective free estrogen concentration in the effluents. This represents a substantial additional ‘potential’ estrogen load arriving in the receiving waters. Estrone-3-glucuronide was found at 9 ng L⁻¹, estradiol-3-glucuronide at 7 ng L⁻¹, and estriol-3-glucuronide at 32 ng L⁻¹ in sewage influent. Except on one occasion, no glucuronide conjugates could be found in the effluent. The results suggest in most cases glucuronide conjugates will be completely transformed in sewage treatment whilst sulphate conjugates will only be partially removed.     

上海建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测流程及管理特点概述

上海建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测流程主要包含资料预审、现场检查、方案制订、合同签订、正式受理、实施监测、出具报告和监督抽查等步骤.管理上具备优质、规范化服务建设单位;实现业务流程实验室信息管理系统(LIMS);建立严密的内部管理体系;协助环保行政主管部门把好竣工验收关和强化对区、县站的技术指导和考核等特点.