“结构—行为—绩效”框架下农地整理的管护绩效研究

在分析农地整理建后管护基本内涵的基础上开发了农民满意度绩效量表,引入新制度经济学领域"结构—行为—绩效"(SCP)范式,构建农地整理建后管护的"组织结构—管护行为—管护绩效"的分析框架。以湖北省赤壁市黄盖湖农场和嘉鱼县潘家湾镇为研究区域开展实证研究,通过比率标度法和熵权法生成绩效测度的组合权重并得到满意度绩效,运用调查数据检验建后管护的组织结构和管护行为对管护绩效的影响机理,分析组织结构的工作职能、成长机制以及管护行为中的集体行为和个体行为的影响程度。研究结果显示:受访农民对农地整理的管护绩效评价接近于"一般",企业管护模式下黄盖湖农场和集体管护模式下潘家湾镇的管护绩效存在显著的地区差异;表征管护组织持续发展状态、内部结构完善程度的组织结构类变量以及表征管护资金投入、受益农民群体参与程度的管护行为类变量是显著影响管护绩效的解释变量;黄盖湖农场企业化经营的组织结构、潘家湾镇的综合治理改革以及受到县级财政专项支持等外部要素是造成农地整理管护绩效差异的主要原因。研究结论验证了农地整理建后管护SCP分析框架的有效性,为提升农地整理管护绩效提供了理论依据。     

长江中游城市群经济与生态成本空间演化模式分析

综合运用变异系数、泰尔指数及ESDA-GIS多种方法,在充分考虑传统经济影响因子的基础上,尝试引入经济发展生态成本指标,分析长江中游城市群经济综合发展水平与生态成本的空间匹配及演化模式。研究表明:经济综合发展水平高低聚集特征明显,空间极化现象是导致区域经济发展不平衡的主要原因;生态成本空间集聚现象以高高集聚和低低集聚为主,且呈现出高高集聚减少、低低集聚增多的现象,生态成本消耗有所改善;2001~2012年长江中游城市群市域经济综合发展水平与生态成本表现出越来越显著的差异化空间格局,呈现出由低经济综合发展水平-低生态成本过渡到高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本,进而发展到高经济综合发展水平-低生态成本的空间匹配模式的阶段性特征;高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本的经济发展模式仍在大部分城市中存在,经济与生态空间协调发展的潜力仍然很大。     

农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度的实证研究——基于耕地资源价值与农户受偿意愿

从耕地资源价值出发,测算农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度,并基于湖北省孝感市和潜江市的农户调查数据分析农户的受偿意愿及其影响因素。研究表明:基于耕地资源价值体系,测算得到孝感市和潜江市农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度分别为1 449 695.76、1 784 296.17元/hm~2;农户所期望得到的耕地损失补偿标准远低于耕地资源价值体系测算出来的理论值,两市农户对耕地损失的平均受偿意愿额度为336 197.95元/hm~2,可以农户受偿意愿为主、耕地农业生产价值和社会保障价值为辅,制定农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿标准;受教育程度对补偿标准有显著负向影响,农户文化程度的提高有助于提高其对农地整理事业的认知程度,进而促进我国农地整理事业的发展;土地权属调整是解决农户耕地损失的一项重要措施,做好农地整理项目土地权属调整工作需充分尊重农户的意愿,并以农业现代化作为土地权属调整的目标。     

城市能源利用与环境保护的综合管理初探

能源短缺和环境污染已成为中国推行全面协调可持续发展的重要制约因素,作为能源消耗的主体和环境污染的控制重点,在城市层面推动能源发展战略的转变和强化环境保护是发展的基本要求.鉴于能源与环境之间的高度关联性,在管理方面要求对能源发展和环境保护进行统筹考虑和综合管理,充分强调能源经济效率和环境制约因素在能源发展中的作用.通过制定合理的产业能效标准和排放绩效标准,为城市经济、能源和环境的可持续性发展提供科学性、系统性决策支持.     

大连城市环境评价与城市发展定量研究

通过对大连城市环境系统的考察,设立了完整的评价指标体系,运用模糊优选理论建立模糊评价模型,对大连城市环境进行了定量研究,并结合经济和城市化情况进行了分析。研究结果表明:城市环境质量总体上是在逐年提高的,但从2002年以来发展较为平缓。经济和城市化情况有较大发展,但仍有不足之处。     

乡镇垃圾分类循环利用现状——以闽侯县上街镇为例

由于我国乡镇经济的迅速发展以及乡镇村民生活水平加速提高,乡镇的垃圾种类及数量趋向于城市.乡镇村民居住较为分散,垃圾分类、收集、循环利用相较于城市困难,因此推进乡镇垃圾分类循环利用迫在眉睫.本文从闽侯县上街镇展开调查,以乡镇垃圾分类、回收循环利用为关键词展开分析,并从上街镇垃圾分类循环利用模式存在的问题进行分析、总结和建...     

Study of urban population attitudes towards various wastewater reuse options: Israel as a case study

This paper summarizes the findings of a survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of the Israeli urban public towards various urban water reuse options. Israel is known for its long and successful agricultural water reuse scheme, but to date no large-scale urban reuse projects have been implemented. The survey included 21 reuse options, which were clustered into three reuse categories, namely: low, medium, and high contact levels. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported medium contact reuse options such as sidewalk landscaping (95%), domestic WC flushing (85%) and firefighting (96%). Higher contact reuse options such as domestic laundry (38%), preserved food (13%), and potable aquifer recharge (11%) found much lesser support. Less than expected support was found for low contact reuse options with 86% for field crop irrigation, 62% for aquifer recharge for agricultural irrigation, and as low as 49% for orchard irrigation. This low support is surprising, since all three options have been practiced on a large scale for over three decades in Israel without any adverse effects to the public. No correlation was found between any biographical characteristic examined (education, gender, income, marital status, having young children, and age) and support for medium contact options. For the medium contact options, the results suggest that perceived financial gain (individual and/or communal) and positive public opinion enhances support, while perceived health effects negatively affects the degree of support. Technology, trust in authorities and awareness of water and environmental issues were found to not have a significant effect on support for medium contact reuse options. Analyzing the four possible reasons for support given by participants who identified themselves as supporters of wastewater reuse revealed that the most important reason for support was "water saving", followed by "minimization of importing water from abroad". These were followed by "infrastructure cost saving" together with "environmental improvement".     

Interaction Between the Environment and Animals in Urban Settings: Integrated and Participatory Planning

In urban ecosystems, the ecological system has become completely unbalanced; this, in turn, has led to an increase in well-known problems such as air pollution, ground pollution, and water pollution. This imbalance has also led to the growth and spread of pathogens harmful to man, animals, and plants. Urban sustainability indicators, both global and local, also “indicate” the percentage of population, but these refer only to the human population, not the animal population. Cities need good waste, water, and air management, effective traffic planning, and good zoning of businesses, crafts, and services; over and above these activities, cities also need for planning to take into account the existence of pets (dogs, cats, and etc.) and nonpet animals (insects, birds, mice, etc.). Cities tend to be designed around humans and “on a human scale,” without taking into account the fact that a huge animal population is living side by side with people. That explains why overcrowding tends to go hand in hand with urbanization; all these populations, including humans, need to adapt to new spaces and often need to drastically change their behavior. This is a fact that must be included when drafting sustainable city plans. The supposed strategy is that of “integrated-participatory” control of the interactions between the environment and animals in the cities. Strategy will focus on the development of integrated approaches and tools for environment and animal management in the context of urban settings. This will require such specific methods as ecological balance sheets and ecoplans for the planning, management, and control of the interrelation among environment, animal, and public health. The objective is to develop a better understanding of urban biodiversity and of urban ecosystem functioning, in order to understand and minimize the negative impacts of human activities on them. The research will focus on assessing and forecasting changes in urban biodiversity, structure, function, and dynamics of urban ecosystems, with relationships among society, economy, biodiversity, and habitats.     

太湖水土界面氮磷交换通量的时空差异

利用原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对太湖典型草型湖区(东太湖)及藻型湖区(梅梁湾)的氮磷释放通量进行了逐月研究.原柱样氮磷静态界面交换通量(F_i)在同一湖泊不同生态类型湖区有差异性,东太湖氨态氮和可溶性磷酸盐的年平均交换通量分别为(44.9±21.9)mg·(m²·d)^-1(平均值±标准偏差)和(2.06±1.71)mg·(m²·d)^-1,梅梁湾为(16.2±12.0)mg·(m^-1·d)^-1和(0.53±0.52)mg·(m²·d)^-1.2湖区的分子扩散通量(F_m)同样表现为这样的差异,但是其绝对值与静态释放通量相比有数量级的差异,该模型不能用于太湖这样风浪显著且底栖生物活性较高的湖泊水土界面氮磷营养盐交换通量的估算.仅从不同生态类型的湖区比较结果看,草型湖区比藻型湖区有更高的氮磷交换通量.F_i/F_m比值作为1种反映底栖生物活性的指标反映出东太湖有更高的底栖活性.在水体溶解氧水平通常保持在较高的水平,即好氧状态下,氮磷界面交换通量与溶解氧水平(DO)无显著相关.同样,在现有浓度水平下,其水土界面交换通量与水体氮磷浓度无显著相关.东太湖较高的释放通量与相对较低的水体营养盐负荷的差异来自于大型水生植被的消浪促沉降及其本身的吸附吸收作用,这是恢复水生植被以重建健康水生生态系统的重要理论依据.     

富拉尔基区城市垃圾产业化、无害化处理途径的思考

城市垃圾污染问题不容忽视,危害巨大,加强城市垃圾分类,如何进行资源化、产业化、无害化处理是一项利国利民的大事。