农村居民点整理对农户土地投入影响研究

近年来,农村居民点整理被作为城乡统筹发展的重要措施,在各地广泛开展。其在改善农民居住环境、为工业化和城镇化发展置换建设用地空间的同时,也对区域农地资源可持续利用产生了巨大冲击,其中,土地投入变化是农户响应这些冲击的重要表现。本研究沿着"农村居民点整理-区域土地利用条件变化-农户土地利用行为响应"的逻辑思路,形成了农村居民点整理对农户土地投入影响的分析框架,并在此基础上,从总体效应和不同政策影响两个层次,构建了农村居民点整理对农户土地投入影响的两个模型。依据江苏省调研数据,从资金和劳动力两个方面,实证分析农村居民点整理项目对农户土地投入的净效应,以及不同居民点整理政策对农户土地投入的影响方向和大小。结果表明,农村居民点整理促进了农户的土地资金投入,但对农户的土地劳动力投入具有负向影响。不同居民点整理政策对农户土地投入的影响具有显著差异,其中,置换住房的宅基地补偿政策和农地产权稳定政策对农户的土地资金投入具有较好的积极作用,而安置公寓房政策则更可能带来农户土地资金投入减少;农地产权稳定政策和安置公寓房政策显著负向影响农户土地劳动投入,但宅基地补偿政策对农户土地劳动投入影响不显著。本研究对这些结果进行了合理解释,同时也估算了户主年龄、户主受教育程度、农业收入比例、非农就业水平、农业补贴收入、耕作距离和土地经营面积等控制变量对农户土地投入的影响情况。最后从强化规划引导、内涵拓展、宅基地补偿策略优化、土地流转制度完善等方面,提出农村居民点整理政策调整和合理引导农户土地投入行为的对策建议。     

Relationship between cultivated land use functions and land rental behavior of rural households: empirical evidence from different dominant functional regions in central China

This paper analyzes the relationship between the cultivated land use functions and the land rental decisions of rural households in three Dominant Functional Zones of Hubei, China. The results indicate that 41.10% of the rural households in the study areas participated in the land rental market. The land rental market in the Key Development Zone has both a higher participation rate and land rent; the Agricultural Production Zone has a higher participation rate but a lower land rent; and the land rental market in the Key Ecological Zone is underdeveloped. The difference in regional function and economic level leads to a significant difference in the spatial variation of the cultivated land use multifunction. Overall, the cultivated land function of rural households has a significant impact on their land transfer behavior. The higher the Functions of Economic Contribution, Food Production, and Pension & Employment, the more willing the rural households are to rent in the land, while the higher the Function of Inheritance and Retainment of the cultivated land use, the more likely the peasants are to retain their cultivated land resources. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient is significantly higher in the Key Development Zone than in the Key Ecological Zone.     

推拉理论视角下的农村宅基地退出机制研究——基于南京市栖霞区农户意愿调查

以推拉理论为视角,分别从农村宅基地作为资源和资产属性以及拥有农村宅基地使用权的农民迁移到城市这两个角度,重新梳理影响农户宅基地退出意愿的因素,建立了农村宅基地退出影响因素的推拉分析框架。在理论分析的基础上,利用在南京市栖霞区农村实地调查得到的数据,建立二元Logistic模型归纳主要影响农户退出意愿的推力和拉力因素。研究发现,受教育水平、农户年总收入、家庭居住人口数和农户是否参加农村养老保险是宅基地退出的主要推动因素;而非农业收入占比、外出务工人口数、是否参加城镇养老保险、是否拥有城镇住所、是否有宅基地产权证书以及宅基地抵押权认知情况是影响宅基地退出的主要拉力因素。基于以上的影响因素分析,提出完善农村宅基地退出机制的政策建议。     

Growth in urban extent and allometric analysis of West African cities

Urban area expansion is happening at much faster rates in Asian and African cities than elsewhere in the world. This study uses multi-temporal Landsat images to map the urban extent of six small to large cities in West Africa at four different time steps from the early 1970s–2010. The selected cities are Kumasi of Ghana, Daloa of Cote d’Ivoire, Abuja and Kano in Nigeria, Kindia of Guinea, and Ouagadougou of Burkina Faso. All cities revealed significant urban growth in both urban area and population; however, it was apparent that there was a lot of variability in urban area development. Exponential urban growth rates in the cities were measured as ranging between 0.026 and 0.077, with allometric scaling factors matching those of other countries.     

Modeling urban films using a dynamic multimedia fugacity model

A thin film coats impervious urban surfaces that can act as a source or sink of organic pollutants to the greater environment. We review recent developments in the understanding of film and film-associated pollutant behavior and incorporate them into an unsteady-state version of the fugacity based Multimedia Urban Model (MUM), focusing on detailed considerations of surface film dynamics. The model is used to explore the conditions under which these atmospherically-derived films act as a temporary source of chemicals to the air and/or storm water. Assuming film growth of 2.1 nm d⁻¹ (Wu et al., 2008a), PCB congeners 28 and 180 reach air-film equilibrium within hours and days, respectively. The model results suggest that the film acts as a temporary sink of chemicals from air during dry and cool weather, as a source to air in warmer weather, and as a source to storm water and soil during rain events. Using the downtown area of the City of Toronto Canada, as a case study, the model estimates that nearly 1 g d⁻¹ of ∑₅PCBs are transferred from air to film to storm water.     

重庆乡村旅游发展的实证分析

在我国提出大力发展乡村旅游的背景下,乡村旅游已成为社会主义新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的主要内容,并成为解决“三农”问题的一条重要途径。由于乡村旅游良好的“城乡联动”机制和广阔发展前景,将成为重庆城市带农村发展的重要举措。但从旅游学的角度看,乡村旅游产品具有一般旅游产品的特征,其发展历史较短而速度过快,已出现了众多棘手的问题。通过对重庆市乡村旅游资源及其发展现状分析,对发展中存在的问题进行了重点分析,从规划编制、精品培育、设施完善、资源保护、市场拓展、人才培养、示范带动等方面对乡村旅游发展对策进行了探讨。     

Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality

Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM(10) removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM(10) removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM(10) was a cost-effective policy for abating PM(10) based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM(10) in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures.     

The importance of differentiating urban and rural phenomena in examining the unequal distribution of locally desirable land

Previous research addressing the unequal distribution of locally desirable land (LDL) has mainly ignored their associated environments (i.e., rural or urban). However, this study proposed a new framework that treats rural and urban regions separately. In rural areas, the LDLs included all public lands. In urbanized areas, the LDLs were defined as green open spaces. Potential inequities in the distribution of LDL were assessed with respect to socioeconomic characteristics of residents in the State of Georgia. Using US Census Bureau Data (2000), Census Block Groups (CBGs) adjacent to LDLs were compared to CBGs outside of LDLs on four socioeconomic variables (per capita income, occupation, education, and race) in urban, suburban and rural environments. Results showed that CBGs adjacent to LDLs were composed of statistically significant upper-class communities containing fewer blue-collar workers, more whites, and higher income and higher educated people in rural, suburban and urban areas.     

城市滨水景观评价研究初探——以南京市莫愁湖滨水区为例

城市滨水区一直被认为是一个城市最具活力和生态价值的区域,但伴随着城市职能的转型以及水运地位的下降,世界上大部分的滨水区都经历了从繁荣到衰败的过程。然而目前,随着城市人群的生态需求与审美需求的进一步提高,城市滨水区又面临着复兴之势,这也对城市滨水号观设计以及作为其基础而存在的滨水景观评价提出了新的要求。因此。本文将以成分代用模式评价方法为指导,以南京市莫愁湖滨水区为案例对其进行景观评价,并基于此获取影响滨水区景观质量的重要因素,以期对以后的滨水区规划设计起到一定的指导作用。     

我区城市污水处理程度探讨

建立城市污水处理厂处理污水,是城市发展的必然趋势,而处理级别及处理后水的去向及用途是关系到环境保护和资源得到充分利用的关键,针对我区干旱缺水,灌溉农业特征及天然水域的特点,就污水处理级别排水的用途提出一些看法。