Evaluation and impact factors of indoor and outdoor gas-phase nitrous acid under different environmental conditions

As an important indoor pollutant, nitrous acid (HONO) can contribute to the concentration of indoor OH radicals by photolysis via sunlight penetrating into indoor environments, thus affecting the indoor oxidizing capability. In order to investigate the concentration of indoor HONO and its impact factors, three different indoor environments and two different locations in urban and suburban areas were selected to monitor indoor and outdoor pollutants simultaneously, including HONO, NO, NO₂, nitrogen oxides (NO_x), O₃, and particle mass concentration. In general, the concentration of indoor HONO was higher than that outdoors. In the urban area, indoor HONO with high average concentration (7.10 ppbV) was well-correlated with the temperature. In the suburban area, the concentration of indoor HONO was only about 1-2 ppbV, and had a good correlation with indoor relative humidity. It was mainly attributed to the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on indoor surfaces. The sunlight penetrating into indoor environments from outside had a great influence on the concentration of indoor HONO, leading to a concentration of indoor HONO close to that outdoors.     

黄河口表层沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学特征

为了探讨多重环境因素变化下黄河口沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学行为,研究了2011年7～8月黄河口14个表层沉积物样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As和Hg等6种重金属的分布特征、环境影响因素及其生态风险.结果表明,黄河口表层沉积物中6种重金属平均含量分别为Cu:(16.5±2.7)mg.kg-1,Pb:(16.0±3.4)mg.kg-1,Zn:(21.0±3.3)mg.kg-1,Cr:(17.4±3.1)mg.kg-1,As:(6.5±1.2)mg.kg-1,Hg:(0.044 4±0.030 7)mg.kg-1.与我国近海其它区域比较,研究区域重金属含量均处于较低水平.表层沉积物中河口南侧沉积物中重金属含量比北侧高,并随河口向外沉积物中重金属含量逐渐降低,此分布趋势在莱州湾西南部尤为明显.重金属间无显著相关关系,重金属含量与细颗粒物、总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)之间亦无显著相关关系,表明黄河口表层沉积物中重金属受到汛期黄河上游复杂来源的影响,且粒度、TOC皆非主控因素;TOC与黏土的相关系数达0.724(P<0.05),显示TOC更易富集于黏土中.与多种背景值及一致性沉积物质量基准比较,黄河口部分站位Pb含量超出背景值,但该含量水平引发有害生物效应的可能性不大,尽管重金属含量偏低,生态风险较小,但近年来Hg、Pb的风险有升高的趋势.     

重庆的环境空气质量和酸雨十年回顾

重庆是中国酸沉降的一个代表地区。本文对过去十年的空气质量和酸雨的时空分布，化学特征，污染来源，途径以及发展趋势进行了回顾与评价。重庆近年的空气质量没有随城市的发展而恶化，然而，酸雨影响的区域却在扩大。     

沈阳城市可持续发展水平的生态足迹分析

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态的可持续发展为前提,而生态足迹计算模型可以通过比较人类对生态环境的影响程度与区域生态承栽力之间的平衡程度来衡量的生态可持续发展状态。本文在介绍生态足迹的理论和计算模型的基础之上,对沈阳市2002年的生态可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析,结果表明沈阳市2002年的人均生态赤字为1．21hm^2,其城市生态处于非可持续发展状态,城市发展正以消耗自身生态资源和转移生态压力作为代价。     

鄂尔多斯市创模过程中大气污染防治

本文对创建国家环保模范城市工作过程中空气质量指标的调整进行了总结,并针对鄂尔多斯市中心城区空气质量状况进行分析,提出优化城市布局、重点污染整治、清洁能源使用、尾气污染防治、控制扬尘污染、完善监管体系等对策措施,为鄂尔多斯市创建国家环保模范城市奠定了基础。     

不同水分管理条件下添加生物炭对琼北地区水稻土N2O排放的影响

干湿交替会影响土壤硝化和反硝化等N₂O主要的产生过程,频繁的干湿交替在以海南为代表的热带水稻种植地区十分常见.生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂在改良土壤理化性质,减少土壤温室气体排放方面应用广泛,然而当前关于生物炭在琼北地区水稻土频繁干湿交替过程中减排效果研究并未深入.本试验以海南琼北地区典型水稻土为供试土壤,以400℃厌氧条件下炭化的玉米秸秆生物炭为供试生物炭,探究不同水分管理条件下添加生物炭对土壤温室气体排放及微生物相关功能基因的影响.试验设置干湿交替条件下不添加生物炭（AWD1）,干湿交替并添加2%生物炭（AWD2）,干湿交替并添加4%生物炭（AWD3）,持续淹水不添加生物炭（CF1）,持续淹水并添加2%生物炭（CF2）,持续淹水并添加4%生物炭（CF3）共6个处理,进行为期30 d的25℃恒温避光培养.结果表明：①不同水分条件下添加玉米秸秆生物炭均可减少酸性水稻土中N₂O的排放（P<0.05,下同）,AWD3处理N₂O排放总量为0.43 mg·kg^-1,相比AWD1处理减少了68%;②玉米秸秆生物炭在不同水分管理条件下均可以显著提高土壤pH,添加生物炭处理相对于不添加生物炭处理在培养结束后土壤pH平均提高了0.5个单位,同时提高土壤NH₄⁺-N含量,但会导致Eh的降低;③玉米秸秆生物炭的添加显著降低了氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度,显著提高了nosZ基因丰度,降低了（nirK+nirS）/nosZ的比值,抑制了硝化过程,同时促进了反硝化过程N₂O的还原,从而降低了N₂O排放.结果表明,干湿交替过程添加生物炭有利于减少水稻田土N₂O排放,在琼北地区农业温室气体减排方面有较大的应用前景.     

Ambient halocarbon mixing ratios in 45 Chinese cities

During this study 158 whole air samples were collected in 45 Chinese cities in January and February 2001. The spatial distribution of different classes of halocarbons in the Chinese urban atmosphere, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Halon-1211, and other chlorinated compounds is presented and discussed. Most of these compounds were enhanced compared to background levels. However, the mean enhancement of CFCs was relatively small, with CFC-12 and CFC-11 increases of 6% (range 1–31%) and 10% (range 2–89%), respectively, with respect to the global background. On the contrary, strongly enhanced levels of CFC replacement compounds and halogenated compounds used as solvents were measured. The average Halon-1211 concentration exceeded the background of 4.3 pptv by 75% and was higher than 10 pptv in several cities. Methyl chloride mixing ratios were also strongly elevated (78% higher than background levels), which is likely related to the widespread use of coal and biofuel in China.     

The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China

As one of the six megalopolitan regions in the world, the Yangtze River Delta is one of the most populated and developed regions of China. The spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urbanization process of the megalopolitan region is investigated. This work compared the spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urban growth for the five urban areas (Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou) in this region. During the 15 years, urban growth patterns were dramatically uneven over three 5-year periods. The size distribution of the five urban areas became more even with the rapid urbanization process. The patterns of urban expansion reflected policy adjustment and economic development throughout the time. Landscape metric analysis across concentric buffer zones was conducted to elucidate the area, shape, size, complexity and configuration of urban expansion. The study indicates the coalescence process occurred during the rapid urban growth from 1990 to 1995 and the moderate growth period from 2000 to 2005, but different urban growth period between 1995 and 2000. The urban growth pattern was coalesced for the Nanjing and Wuxi metropolitan areas and diffused for Shanghai, Suzhou and Changzhou. This approach indicates that the coalescence process was the major growth model for this region in the recent 15 years despite their different size, economic growth and population growth. The diffusion-coalesce dichotomy represent endpoints rather than alternate states of urban growth. This work will be beneficial in understanding the size distribution and urbanization process of the megalopolitan region in China.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urban-rural transect: sources, concentration gradients, and profiles

This study reports concentrations of PBDEs in surface soil samples collected along a 140 km transect across Kuwait to assess the role of urban centers as sources of persistent organic pollutants to the surrounding environment. The ΣPBDE concentrations varied by a factor of ∼250 and ranged from 289 to 80,078 pg g⁻¹ d.w. The concentrations of PBDEs in Kuwait City were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those collected from sites outside the city supporting the hypothesis that urban centers are sources of PBDEs. The congener profiles were dominated by BDE-209, accounting for 93% of the PBDEs in the soil samples. The concentrations of all congeners (except BDE-209) were highly correlated with percent organic carbon (%OC) (p > 0.05) when the data from Kuwait City was omitted from the analysis. These findings suggest that soil concentrations outside the urban centers were close to equilibrium with the atmosphere.     

城市土壤重金属污染研究现状与趋势

阐述了城市土壤重金属的主要来源、空间分布特征、化学形态与影响因素,以及对人体的健康风险与生物效应,指出今后的研究重点与趋势是建立城市土壤重金属污染概念和标准体系,研究其在环境中的迁移转化机制与规律及城市土壤重金属复合污染,发展判源分析新技术.