Long-term (1992-2004) record of lead, cadmium, and zinc air contamination in Warsaw, Poland: Determination by chemical analysis of moss bags and leaves of Crimean linden

Between 1992 and 2004, air contamination with lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in Warsaw, Poland, was monitored annually with moss (Sphagnum fallax) bags on a network of 230 sites covering the entire city. During the study the highest contamination was near the Warszawa Steel Mill, northwestern Warsaw. Lead concentrations in moss bags decreased in time, while those of Cd and Zn did not show clear trends. Between 1994 and 2004, Pb, Cd, and Zn were also monitored in the Crimean linden (Tilia Euchlora) foliage along the main city avenue and in a northwestern warsaw park. Lead concentrations decreased more near the avenue than in the park, indicating that the phasing-out of leaded gasoline had a major effect on reduced Pb contamination in Warsaw. At the same time, foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in both areas decreased much less.     

Designing a knowledge co-production operating space for urban environmental governance—Lessons from Rotterdam,Netherlands and Berlin,Germany

Challenges for a sustainable urban development are increasingly important in cities because urbanization and related land take come up with negative challenges for the environment and for city residents. Searching for successful solutions to environmental problems requires combined efforts of different scientific disciplines and an active dialogue between stakeholders from policy and society. In this paper, we present a comparative assessment of the way policy-science dialogues have achieved knowledge co-production about strategic urban environmental governance action using the cities of Berlin in Germany and Rotterdam in the Netherlands as case studies. The ecosystem services framework is applied as a lens for policy–science interaction and a ‘knowledge co-production operating space’ is introduced. We show how policy officers, urban planners, practitioners and scientists learned from each other, and highlight the impact of this knowledge co-production for governance practice. We found that the concerted collaboration and co-creation between researchers and policy officers have led to mutual learning and establishment of relationships and trust in both cities. Not only the policy-relevance of research and its policy uptake were achieved but also new insights for research blind spots were created. In our conclusions we reflect on co-production processes with two types of conditions that we introduced to be most influential in the way knowledge can be co-created. These are conditions that relate to the way knowledge co-production processes are set-up and, conditions that relate to the expected value or benefit that the co-produced knowledge will bring across society, policy and practice.     

长三角地区生态环境与城市化发展的区域分异性研究

城市群已成为全球竞争与国际分工的全新地域单元,评估和判断城市群生态环境质量及其与城市化发展的时空分异特征对实现区域可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。基于生态环境状况指数计算方法,对"十一五"期间(2005~2010年)长三角地区生态环境质量的基本特征和时空格局进行定量分析。并以其25个城市为研究单元,对"人口—经济"视角下的城市化水平与区域生态环境的发展关系和区域分异进行探讨。结果显示:"十一五"期间长三角地区整体生态环境质量均属"良",空间分布大致以上海—苏锡常—南京为界,呈南高北低中间差的特征。2010年较2005年生态环境状况稳中有好,浙江省和沪宁沿线的大部分城市生态环境质量有所改善,政策调控下的污染物排放减少是其好转的主要原因。"十一五"期间长三角地区各城市生态环境与城市化发展呈现不同的发展轨迹,发展类型以可持续型为主,而以苏北五市为代表的少数城市则表现为生态脆弱型。     

河南环境问题城乡差异的对比研究

消费、教育、医疗等方面的城乡差异一直是社会各界关注的问题,然而,日益突出的城乡环境差异却没有引起足够的重视。河南作为农业大省,其城乡环境差异的表现更具代表性,本文通过对河南省城乡环境压力指标、环境状态指标以及环境保护工作等方面的差异的具体特征和表现形式进行深入的对比分析,发掘出导致城乡二元环境差别产生的认识上、理论上及组织工作上的深层次的问题及原因,为进一步推动和实现城乡环境一体化以及新农村建设提供理论支持。     

电化学法处理聚驱采油废水的研究

采用电化学法处理油田开发三次采油过程中产生的聚驱采油废水,考察了pH值、反应时间、电流强度对污染物降解效果的影响.结果表明,pH=3.25时,COD和HPAM去除率最高,分别达到83.03％和98.66％;电流强度为0.8A时,COD及HPAM去除率最高,为85.24％和99.63％;pH=3.25、电流强度为0.8A时,COD及HPAM去除率随时间延长而增大,反应30 min后去除率基本不变.研究了处理过程中电流效率的变化,发现反应前10 min内电流效率最高,达23.63％;并通过投加与电化学溶出的新生态铁等量的铁盐絮凝剂(FeSO4)分析了电化学中电絮凝作用的贡献,酸性条件下电化学过程对COD去除率为83.79％,同等条件下,FeSO4混凝的COD去除率为70.31％,电化学作用过程中氧化、气浮及电场作用对COD的去除率贡献最高为13.48％,因此,电化学法处理聚驱采油废水的主要作用机理为电絮凝作用.研究表明,电化学法能有效降解聚驱采油废水.     

实际生活污水快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的方法研究

采用序批式活性污泥法(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR),通过接种絮状污泥研究逐级改变进水组成(配水与实际生活污水的比例)实现好氧颗粒污泥快速培养,同时考查了好氧颗粒污泥培养过程中颗粒污泥的物理性质及对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:在好氧颗粒污泥培养初期通过添加营养物质并逐渐增加实际生活污水的比例可以实现好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养,与完全用配水培养的好氧颗粒污泥基本相似,且培养出的好氧颗粒污泥结构密实,湿密度为1.046 g/cm3,比重为1.025,平均沉降速度为38.67 m/h,粒径在1 mm左右,颜色为黄褐色;同时培养的颗粒污泥对污染物有较好的处理效果,COD、NH+4-N的去除率分别高达85%、90%。培养初期在实际生活污水中通过添加营养物质能够诱导好氧颗粒污泥形成,实现好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养。     

我国城市水环境管理策略建议——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

城市化的快速发展导致了一系列水环境问题,文章在深入分析目前我国城市水环境管理现状的基础上,针对目前存在的问题,结合《水污染防治行动计划》关于城市水环境的要求,提出了完善法规标准、加强城市水环境质量目标管理、开展城市水环境系统综合规划、构建城市可持续水循环利用模式、加强监管和信息公开等城市水环境管理策略建议,对于实现我国城市水环境质量全面改善、水生态系统健康发展、促进水环境保护与城市发展共赢的目标具有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市生态型新区生态建设规划研究——以西安市浐灞生态区为例

结合西安市浐灞生态区的建设特色,系统地阐述了城市新区规划建设的理念和目标,提出了一套适合城市生态型新区建设的、操作性强的指标体系,重点论述了生态区建设的主要领域和重点任务。     

Considering Climate Change in the Estimation of Long‐Term Flood Risks of Devils Lake in North Dakota

Terminal lakes are impacted by regional changes in climate. Devils Lake (DL), North Dakota, United States (U.S.), is a case in which a prolonged shift in the precipitation pattern resulted in a 10‐m water‐level rise over the past two decades, which cost over one billion U.S. dollars in mitigation. Currently, DL is 1.5 m from an uncontrolled overspill to the nearby Sheyenne River, which could lead to unprecedented environmental, social, and economic costs. Water outlets recently implemented in the lake to slow the water‐level rise and prevent an uncontrolled overspill are subject to significant concerns over the introduction of invasive species and downstream water quality. We developed a hydrological model of the DL basin using the soil and water assessment tool and analyzed DL's overspill probability using an ensemble of statistically downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) projections of the future climate. The results indicate a significant likelihood (7.3‐20.0%) of overspill in the next few decades in the absence of outlets; some members of the GCM integration ensemble suggest an exceedance probability of over 85.0 and 95.0% for the 2020s and 2050s, respectively. Full‐capacity outlets radically reduce the probability of DL overspill and are able to partially mitigate the problem by decreasing the average lake level by approximately 1.9 and 1.5 m in the 2020s and 2050s, respectively.     

Changing the Course of Rivers in an Asian City: Linking Landscapes to Human Benefits through Iterative Modeling and Design

Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation, but deciding on the end goals of rehabilitation is a complex undertaking. We propose a multidisciplinary framework linking riparian landscape change to human well‐being, providing information relevant to decision makers, in a format that facilitates stakeholder involvement. We illustrate this through a case study of the densely settled, environmentally degraded, and flood prone Ciliwung River flowing through metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia. Our methodology attempts to respond to this complexity through an iterative approach, strongly based on conceptualization and mathematical modeling. Nested hydrologic, hydrodynamic, and water quality models provide outputs at catchment‐, corridor‐, and localized site‐scales. Advanced 3‐D landscape modeling is used for procedural design and precise visualization of proposed changes and their impacts, as predicted by the mathematical models. Finally, participatory planning and design methods allow us to obtain critical stakeholder feedback in shaping a socially acceptable approach. Our framework aims at demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, and providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity.