抚顺市城市生态环境现状及对策研究

采用宋永昌构建的生态城市评价指标体系与方法 (宋永昌 1 999年 ) ,对抚顺市城市生态环境进行评价 ,提出抚顺城市生态建设对策。城市生态环境评价结果表明 :抚顺城市生态化程度较低 ,各项指标与省内其它城市差距很大 ,城市生态建设迫在眉睫。     

Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment: A case study in Beijing

In this paper, emergy accounting (EA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are employed to investigate a typical urban wetland park, the Green Lake Urban Wetland Park (GLUWP) of Beijing, in terms of its environmental and capital inputs, ecosystem services and organic matter yields, environmental support, and sustainability. The LCA method is also used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the environmental impact of discharges during the entire life cycle of the GLUWP. Various emergy-based indices, such as emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), net economic benefit (Np), and environmental impacts of process-based LCA, including global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication (EU), nonrenewable resource depletion (RU), energy consumption (EN), acidification potential (AP), photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), particulate matter (PM) and wastes (W), are calculated. The results show that the GLUWP has higher proportions of renewable resource input, less pressure on the environment, more environmental support and better ecological and economic benefits, which can be considered as an environment-friendly and long-term sustainable ecological practice, compared with another constructed wetland in Beijing. Meanwhile, the dominant environmental impact is induced by POCP with the construction phase contributing the most on the entire life cycle. It is expected that increasing green area, extensively using environment-friendly materials, optimizing construction techniques and reducing power consumption can promote the sustainability of the GLUWP.     

城市土壤吸附重金属动力学特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

以长春市土壤为对象,既研究了长春市土壤理化性质特征,又采用间歇法研究了城市土壤吸附重金属Pb、Cd和Cu动力学特征及其两者之间的关系。结果表明：长春市土壤pH接近于中性或者偏碱性;土壤碳酸钙、有机质含量升高;土壤砂粒化;土壤CEC和Eh具有逐渐降低的趋势。土壤吸附重金属动力学过程包括快速阶段和慢速阶段,不同重金属在不同吸附阶段吸附速率明显不同。双常数速率方程和Elovich方程基本上可以描述土壤对Pb、CA和Cu吸附的动力学过程。pH、碳酸钙和砂粒含量是影响Pb吸附速率的主要因子;碳酸钙含量是影响CA吸附速率的主要因子。     

辽宁省朝阳市城市污水BOD与COD关系的探讨

从BOD与COD的构成及降解动力学出发,探讨了BOD与COD的相关关系,得到了BOD5与COD的相关模型,应用朝阳市城市污水的实测数据和数理统计模型进行了检验。     

沈阳市城市污水中的热能回收及利用研究

以北部污水处理厂为例,结合沈阳城市污水源热泵系统规划思路,对沈阳市7座污水处理厂及污水特征参数进行了论述及推算。通过调查分析供暖企业的燃煤现状及供暖情况,推算出了采用污水供暖取代燃j采供暖后的环境效益及经济效益,提出了沈阳建立污水源热泵系统的对策及建议。     

城市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布的均匀性研究

对长沙市环境空气中PM10、PM2.5质量浓度进行自动监测,并统计分析其分布的均匀性。结果表明,在1 d的4个典型时刻以及日内,PM2.5的质量浓度分布总体上较PM10均匀;从月内日均值及2013年1月—10月的月均值变化情况看,PM2.5质量浓度的相对标准偏差(RSD)总体高于PM10,表明PM2.5在长时间尺度上的分布较PM10更不均匀;就功能区分布而言,PM10、PM2.5质量浓度分布的均匀性没有明显的区域差异,两者的变化幅度与功能区类别没有必然联系。     

Contribution to biomonitoring of some trace metals by deciduous tree leaves in urban areas

Leaves of the deciduous tree species, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) were used as accumulative biomonitors of trace metal pollution in the urban area of Belgrade. Using differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry, trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the single leaf level (ten leaves per species, per month), during two successive years with markedly different atmospheric level of trace metals. Increased trace metal concentrations in the leaves of A. hippocastanum reflected elevated atmospheric trace metal pollution, whereas C. colurna L. did not respond accordingly. The contents of Pb and Zn in soil over the same period also followed this trend. Anatomical analyses, in young as well as in old leaves of both species, indicated typical foliar injuries of plants exposed to stressful air conditions. Water relations that correspond to leaf age may have contributed to the considerable trace metal accumulation in leaves.     

Concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils of Talcahuano (Chile): a preliminary study

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the top-(0–10 cm) and sub-surface (10–20 cm) soils of the Talcahuano urban area were measured. The main soil properties (organic matter, CaCO₃, pH, particle sizes) were determined for a network of representative sampling sites. The mean Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the urban topsoil samples from Talcahuano (37.8, 22.6, 35.2, 333 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations for other cities around the world. The results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in topsoil samples than in sub-surface samples. The samples from IS1, IS2, and IS3, located in the Talcahuano industrial park, had higher Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents than did samples from the other sites. This was probably due to local pollution by industrial (metallurgical) dust, although other diffuse pollution throughout the entire port region (shipyards, metallurgy, the dismantling of old ships), and contributions from the wind from adjacent industrial, storage, and vessel areas clearly played a role. Heavy metals were lowest in the sample taken on school grounds (SG).     

机动车不同速度下外噪声变化与衰减关系研究

通过在机动车测试场进行单辆机动车行驶状况的实验,研究机动车车型大小、行驶速度快慢与噪声量大小的关系,同时研究不同距离下机动车行驶外噪声的衰减规律。数据结果显示,测试条件下,噪声量随着速度提升而增加,呈线性关系或对数关系;相同速度下,大型车的噪声量比小型车的高8.1～11.0dB;在一定距离范围内,距离每增加3.5m,机动车噪声量将衰减2.2～3.0dB。     

执行GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的思考

比较了GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》与相关行业和国家标准的特点,指出执行GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的关键应是充分了解和掌握被执行对象所处的地理位置、建厂年限、处理工艺、污染物排放去向及用途等基本信息。提出选择控制项目的确定、监测能力的开发、大气污染物的配套治理手段和超标项目的配套管理办法是执行GB189182002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》时尚需深入解决的问题。