Ethylenediurea (EDU) pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of elevated O3 on Populus alba “Berolinensis” in an urban area

Ethylenediurea(EDU)has been used as a chemical protectant against ozone(03).However,its protective effect and physiological mechanisms are still uncertain.The present study aimed to investigate the changes of foliar visible injury,physiological characteristics and emission rates of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in one-year-old Populus alba"Berolinensis"saplings pretreated with EDU and exposed to elevated O_3(EO,120μg/m~3).The results showed that foliar visible injury symptoms under EO were significantly alleviated in plants with EDU application(p0.05).Under EO,net photosynthetic rate,the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and the photochemical efficiency of PSII of plants pretreated with 300 and600 mg/L EDU were similar to unexposed controls and significantly higher compared to EOstressed plants without EDU pretreatment,respectively.Malondialdehyde content was highest in EO without EDU and decreased significantly by 14.9%and 21.3%with 300 and600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively.EDU pretreatment alone increased superoxide dismutase activity by 10-fold in unexposed plants with further increases of 88.4%and 37.5%in EO plants pretreated with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively(p0.05).Abscisic acid content declined under EO relative to unexposed controls with the effect partially reversed by EDU pretreatments.Similarly,VOCs emission rate declined under EO relative to unexposed plants with a recovery of emission rate observed with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment.These findings provided significant evidence that EDU exerted a beneficial effect and protection on the tested plants against 03 stress.     

Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France

Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2–1.2)×10¹² molecule/(cm³?sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m³) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 10¹¹molecule/(cm³?sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.     

Characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs in Zhengzhou, China during haze pollution season

Zhengzhou is one of the most haze-polluted cities in Central China with high organic carbon emission, which accounts for 15%-20% of particulate matter (PM2.5) in winter and causes significantly adverse health effects. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the precursors of secondary PM2.5 and O3 formation. An investigation of characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs was carried out at the urban area of Zhengzhou from 1st to 31st December, 2019. The mean concentrations of total detected VOCs were 48.8 ± 23.0 ppbv. Alkanes (22.0 ± 10.4 ppbv), halocarbons (8.1 ± 3.9 ppbv) and aromatics (6.5 ± 3.9 ppbv) were the predominant VOC species, followed by alkenes (5.1 ± 3.3 ppbv), oxygenated VOCs (3.6 ± 1.8 ppbv), alkyne (3.5 ± 1.9, ppbv) and sulfide (0.5 ± 0.9 ppbv). The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to identify and apportion VOCs sources. Five major sources of VOCs were identified as vehicular exhaust, industrial processes, combustion, fuel evaporation, and solvent use. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values of species were calculated. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of almost all air toxics increased during haze days. The total non-carcinogenic risks exceeded the acceptable ranges. Most VOC species posed no non-carcinogenic risk during three haze events. The carcinogenic risks of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzyl chloride, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, benzene and naphthalene were above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10?6) but below the tolerable risk level (1.0 × 10?4). Industrial emission was the major contributor to non-carcinogenic, and solvent use was the major contributor to carcinogenic risks.     

北京某小学室内外VOC浓度及有毒害物种识别

采用美国EPA推荐的TO14/15方法定量分析了北京市某小学室内外夏季观测的空气样品,得到82种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的浓度水平及组成特征,对其中可能危害儿童健康的有毒有害物质进行了识别.结果表明,室内总VOCs浓度高于室外,烷烃是含量最丰富物种,平均占室内外空气中定量VOCs总浓度的32.8%.室内外VOCs组成相似,异戊烷、苯、甲苯、丙醛、丙烯和二氯甲烷为浓度优势物种,受到室外源的影响较大,室内的对二氯苯、环己烷及间二氯苯较为特征,前2种物质室内/室外浓度比例平均值分别为65.8和10.5,间二氯苯室内平均浓度为2.02×10^-9（体积分数）,而室外浓度低于检测限,这3种物质可能来自室内源. 1, 3-丁二烯、氯乙烯、苯和氯甲烷4种物质在学校室内、室外及儿童家中都超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值,平均风险值分别为1.3×10^-5、 6.4×10^-6、 5.1×10^-6和3.3×10^-6,小学室外、室内及儿童家中的累积癌症风险超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值24～39倍.丙烯醛未确认具有致癌性,但具有毒有害性,在室内外及儿童家中超过基准浓度13～72倍.     

Tricrystalline TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity and durability for removing volatile organic compounds from indoor air

It is important to develop efficient and economic techniques for removing volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in indoor air. Heterogeneous Ti O_2-based semiconductors are a promising technology for achieving this goal. Anatase/brookite/rutile tricrystalline Ti O_2 with mesoporous structure was synthesized by a low-temperature hydrothermal route in the presence of HNO_3.The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and N_2 adsorption–desorption isotherm. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photocatalytic decomposition of toluene in air under UV light illumination. The results show that tricrystalline Ti O_2 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity and durability toward gaseous toluene than bicrystalline Ti O_2,due to the synergistic effects of high surface area, uniform mesoporous structure and junctions among mixed phases. The tricrystalline Ti O_2 prepared at R HNO_3= 0.8, containing80.7% anatase, 15.6% brookite and 3.7% rutile, exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity,about 3.85-fold higher than that of P25. The high activity did not significantly degrade even after five reuse cycles. In conclusion, it is expected that our study regarding gas-phase degradation of toluene over tricrystalline Ti O_2 will enrich the chemistry of the Ti O_2-based materials as photocatalysts for environmental remediation and stimulate further research interest on this intriguing topic.     

氧化锰八面体分子筛的合成及其对苯催化氧化性能

采用回流的方法,制备了氧化锰八面体分子筛（OMS-2）纳米棒.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、氮气吸附-脱附、程序升温还原（H2-TPR）分别对产物进行晶型、形貌、孔径和H2还原性能进行分析,并考察不同煅烧温度下的催化剂对苯的催化氧化性能及300℃煅烧催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,煅烧温度对氧化锰八面体分子筛（OMS-2）的表面特征有显著的影响,煅烧温度越高,比表面积和孔容越小,平均孔径越大.同时随着煅烧温度的增加,催化剂对苯的催化氧化性能降低.经300℃煅烧的催化剂对苯的催化活性最佳,反应温度为200℃时,苯的转化率达到了50%;当反应温度为250℃时,苯的转化率达到90%.经300℃煅烧的催化剂在260℃下70 h内,对苯的催化氧化性能降低了5%,具有良好的稳定性.     

民用生物质燃烧挥发性有机化合物排放特征

民用生物质燃烧是我国人为源挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放的主要来源.采用罐采样-GC/MS和DNPH衍生-HPLC这2种方法联用采集和分析了5种主要民用生物质燃烧排放烟气中的VOCs组分,并利用碳平衡法确定其排放系数.研究表明,秸秆和木柴等民用生物质燃烧总的VOCs排放系数分别为（4.37±2.23）g·kg-1和（2.12±0.77）g·kg-1,秸秆燃烧排放高于木柴燃烧排放;民用生物质燃烧排放VOCs中,最为丰富的物种为芳香烃和醛类,含量均在25%以上;秸秆和木柴燃烧除卤代烃和腈类含量差异较大外,其余物种分布比较类似;秸秆和木柴燃烧VOCs排放总的臭氧生成潜势分别为（16.9±8.2）g·kg-1和（10.8±4.9）g·kg-1;臭氧生成潜势比较高的物种依次为：醛类、芳香烃和烯烃/炔烃,其中醛类贡献基本在50%以上.     

室内空气中挥发性有机化合物及多孔炭材料在其脱除中的应用

随着工业化进程的不断推进,室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物（ＶＯＣ） 对室内环境的污染日渐严重,对人体的健康也造成了危害。本文对此作了介绍,并综述了国内外室内空气污染物的监测、采样、分析手段及治理方法,着重叙述了多孔炭材料在环保中的应用开发。     

The Emissions of Major Aromatic Voc as Landfill Gas from Urban Landfill Sites in Korea

In this study, concentrations of major aromatic VOCs were determined from landfill gas (LFG) at a total of five municipal landfill sites in Korea including Nan Ji (NJ), Woon Jung (WJ), Sam Poong (SP), Hoei Chun (HC), and No Hyung (NH). The concentration levels of those VOC were found to be significantly different, mainly as a function of such a parameter as landfill aging. The VOC concentrations measured from the unclosed landfill sites (e.g., WJ) were characterized by exceedingly high values above a few tens of ppm. However, the results of the abandoned site (e.g., SP) were about three orders of magnitude lower than the others so as to merely exceed the typical ambient concentration levels. It was most striking to find a systematic dominance of toluene over other aromatic VOC under most circumstances. The LFG flux values of all aromatic VOC and the four specific major ones (termed as BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) were also computed for each vent pipe from all study sites using their concentrations and the concurrently determined environmental parameters. The results, if calculated in terms of the average BTEX quantity emitted per vent pipe, showed that the magnitude of their emissions can vary substantially, with the values ranging from 0.05 (SP) to 49.2 kg yr⁻¹ (WJ in wintertime). The LFG flux values of aromatic VOC, when compared to the contribution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), were able to explain a constant, but minor, proportion of the LFG carbon budget.     

Study of the VOC emissions from a municipal solid waste storage pilot-scale cell: comparison with biogases from municipal waste landfill site

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from municipal solid waste stored in a pilot-scale cell containing 6.4 tonnes of waste (storage facility which is left open during the first period (40 days) and then closed with recirculation of leachates during a second period (100 days)) was followed by dynamic sampling on activated carbon and analysed by GC–MS after solvent extraction. This was done in order to know the VOC emissions before the installation of a methanogenesis process for the entire waste mass. The results, expressed in reference to toluene, were exploited during the whole study on all the analyzable VOCs: alcohols, ketones and esters, alkanes, benzenic and cyclic compounds, chlorinated compounds, terpene, and organic sulphides.The results of this study on the pilot-scale cell are then compared with those concerning three biogases from a municipal waste landfill: biogas (1) coming from waste cells being filled or recently closed, biogas (2) from all the waste storage cells on site, and biogas (3) which is a residual gas from old storage cells without aspiration of the gas. The analysis of the results obtained revealed: (i) a high emission of VOCs, principally alcohols, ketones and esters during the acidogenesis; (ii) a decrease in the alkane content and an increase in the terpene content were observed in the VOCs emitted during the production of methane; (iii) the production of heavier alkanes and an increase in the average number of carbon atoms per molecule of alkane with the progression of the stabilisation/maturation process were also observed.Previous studies have concentrated almost on the analysis of biogases from landfills. Our research aimed at gaining a more complete understanding of the decomposition/degradation of municipal solid waste by measuring the VOCs emitted from the very start of the landfill process i.e. during the acidogenesis and acetogenesis phases.