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411.
Tarsitano E 《Environmental management》2006,38(5):799-809
In urban ecosystems, the ecological system has become completely unbalanced; this, in turn, has led to an increase in well-known
problems such as air pollution, ground pollution, and water pollution. This imbalance has also led to the growth and spread
of pathogens harmful to man, animals, and plants. Urban sustainability indicators, both global and local, also “indicate”
the percentage of population, but these refer only to the human population, not the animal population. Cities need good waste,
water, and air management, effective traffic planning, and good zoning of businesses, crafts, and services; over and above
these activities, cities also need for planning to take into account the existence of pets (dogs, cats, and etc.) and nonpet
animals (insects, birds, mice, etc.). Cities tend to be designed around humans and “on a human scale,” without taking into
account the fact that a huge animal population is living side by side with people. That explains why overcrowding tends to
go hand in hand with urbanization; all these populations, including humans, need to adapt to new spaces and often need to
drastically change their behavior. This is a fact that must be included when drafting sustainable city plans. The supposed
strategy is that of “integrated-participatory” control of the interactions between the environment and animals in the cities.
Strategy will focus on the development of integrated approaches and tools for environment and animal management in the context
of urban settings. This will require such specific methods as ecological balance sheets and ecoplans for the planning, management,
and control of the interrelation among environment, animal, and public health. The objective is to develop a better understanding
of urban biodiversity and of urban ecosystem functioning, in order to understand and minimize the negative impacts of human
activities on them. The research will focus on assessing and forecasting changes in urban biodiversity, structure, function,
and dynamics of urban ecosystems, with relationships among society, economy, biodiversity, and habitats. 相似文献
412.
TUGAI: An Integrated Simulation Tool for Ecological Assessment of Alternative Water Management Strategies in a Degraded River Delta 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schlüter M Rüger N Savitsky AG Novikova NM Matthies M Lieth H 《Environmental management》2006,38(4):638-653
The development of ecologically sound water allocation strategies that account for the needs of riverine ecosystems is a pressing
issue, especially in semiarid river basins. In the Aral Sea Basin, a search for strategies to mitigate ecological and socioeconomic
deterioration has been in process since the early 1990s. The Geographic Information System–based simulation tool TUGAI has
been developed to support the policy determination process by providing a simple, problem-oriented method to assess ecological
effects of alternative water management strategies for the Amudarya River. It combines a multiobjective water allocation model
with simple, spatially explicit statistical and rule-based models of landscape dynamics. Changes in environmental conditions
are evaluated by a fuzzy habitat suitability index for Populus euphratica, which is the dominant species of the characteristic riverine Tugai forests. Water management scenarios can be developed
by altering spatiotemporal water distribution in the delta area or the amount of water inflow into the delta. Outcomes of
scenario analysis are qualitative comparisons of the ecological effects of different options for a time period of up to 28
years. The given approach utilizes different types of knowledge, from quantitative hydrological data to qualitative local
expert knowledge. The main purpose of the tool is to integrate the knowledge in a comprehensive way to make it available for
discussions on alternative policies in moderated workshops with stakeholders. In this article, the modules of the tool, their
integration, and three hypothetical scenarios are presented. Based on the experience gained when developing the TUGAI tool,
we propose that the general framework can be transferred to other areas where tradeoffs in water allocation between the environment
and other water users are of major concern. The potential for a simulation tool to structure and inform a complex resource
management situation by involving local experts and stakeholders in the development of possible future scenarios will become
increasingly valuable for transparent and participatory resource management. 相似文献
413.
Collaboration has taken root in national forest planning, providing expanded opportunities for stakeholder participation in decision-making, but are these processes considered meaningful by key stakeholders? Do the processes result in increased participation by key stakeholders? We present results of a study of stakeholder perspectives of a collaborative planning process on the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forests in Western Colorado, U.S.A. The stakeholders were stratified by participation levels in order to explore a possible relationship between participation and perceptions of the collaborative process. We used a Q-methodology approach to compare and contrast perspectives across participant levels in the North Fork Valley Landscape Working Group process. The results demonstrate four distinct perspectives on the collaborative process: 1) The collaborative process is valued by the Forest Service and will directly influence planning decisions; 2) The Forest Service, the collaborative process, and other stakeholders are not to be trusted; 3) The collaborative process is most effective when emphasizing place-specific dialogue that primarily involves stakeholders educating the Forest Service about issues; and 4) Forest planning involves issues requiring the application of scientific knowledge and expertise rather than collaboration. These perspectives were not strongly associated with participation levels, with time constraint being the primary mediating factor affecting participation. There are several possible actions policymakers and planners can take to enhance participation and overcome high rates of nonparticipation. 相似文献
414.
Improvements on Flood Alleviation in Germany: Lessons Learned from the Elbe Flood in August 2002 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The increase in damage due to natural disasters is directly related to the number of people who live and work in hazardous
areas and continuously accumulate assets. Therefore, land use planning authorities have to manage effectively the establishment
and development of settlements in flood-prone areas in order to avoid the further increase of vulnerable assets. Germany faced
major destruction during the flood in August 2002 in the Elbe and Danube catchments, and many changes have been suggested
in the existing German water and planning regulations. This article presents some findings of a “Lessons Learned” study that
was carried out in the aftermath of the flood and discusses the following topics: 1) the establishment of comprehensive hazard
maps and flood protection concepts, 2) the harmonization of regulations of flood protection at the federal level, 3) the communication
of the flood hazard and awareness strategies, and 4) how damage potential can be minimized through measures of area precaution
such as resettlement and risk-adapted land use. Although attempts towards a coordinated and harmonized creation of flood hazard
maps and concepts have been made, there is still no uniform strategy at all planning levels and for all states (Lae
nder) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The development and communication of possible mitigation strategies for “unthinkable
extreme events” beyond the common safety level of a 100-year flood are needed. In order to establish a sustainable and integrated
flood risk management, interdisciplinary and catchment-based approaches are needed. 相似文献
415.
Costa Rican Environmental Service Payments: The Use of a Financial Instrument in Participatory Forest Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The core element of the Costa Rican forestry policy is a financial instrument called the environmental service payment. This
instrument rewards forest owners for the environmental services (the mitigation of greenhouse gases, the protection of watersheds
and scenic beauty, and the development of biodiversity) their forests provide. In this article, the experiences with this
new instrument are analyzed by focusing on the way interests are represented and access is granted, the openness of information
exchange, whether social learning occurred, and whether decision-making authority is shared. The analysis is based on a survey
conducted in the Huetar Norte Region and on in-depth interviews with the major stakeholders. The Costa Rican case indicates
that financial instruments can be used to share responsibilities and that stakeholders can successfully cooperate on forest
issues. It also shows that such a participatory approach is only promising if certain cultural, economic, organizational,
and political conditions are met. 相似文献
416.
417.
418.
Transaction costs in community-based resource management are incurred by households attempting to enforce property right rules over common resources similar to those inherent in private property rights. Despite their importance, transaction costs of community-based management of common pool resources (CPRs) are often not incorporated into the economic analysis of participatory resource management. This paper examines the transaction costs incurred by forest users in community forestry (CF) based on a survey of 309 households belonging to eight different forest user groups (FUGs) in the mid hills of Nepal. The analysis reveals that the average 'poor' household incurred Nepalese rupees (NRS) 1265 in transaction costs annually, while wealthier 'rich' households incurred an average of NRS 2312 per year. Although richer households bear higher proportions of such costs, transaction costs for CF management as a percentage of resource appropriation costs are higher for poorer households (26%) than those of middle-wealth (24%) or rich households (14%). There are also village differences in the level of transaction costs. The results show that transaction costs are a major component of resource management costs and vary according to socio-economic status of resource users and characteristics of the community. 相似文献
419.
Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Disposal of water produced with petroleum has been of great interest in Kuwait for the last 20 years. The current problem arose when the Burgan oil field, which is the second largest field in the world, experienced successive increases in the water content of the produced oil. This study introduces a decision-making analysis of the considered alternatives for the disposal of the produced water. Four alternative solutions exist for the industry as practical solutions for the disposal of water produced in Kuwait. The first method utilizes a large number of pits to discharge water. The second alternative depends on discharging water into sealed pits. The third approach to dispose water is by injecting the water underground. The last method is similar to the previous one, but takes into consideration the recovery of reservoir pressure to maintain the rate of oil production. A questionnaire was distributed to 48 experts at the top management level of the petroleum companies and the governmental authority. The data collected considered cost, efficiency, and environmental parameters. Based on the data, a statistical analysis was conducted using the factor analysis method to reduce the number of investigated variables. The analysis concluded that the optimal solution is to use the effluent injection method to discharge water produced with oil in Burgan and similar fields in Kuwait. 相似文献
420.
介绍了瑞典的水环境保护法规政策、水环境保护机构、污水处理体系及其在水环境保护方面的特色做法。结合目前我国水环境管理所处的阶段,从顶层设计、宣传教育、项目管理、污染防治等方面,总结了瑞典经验对我国水环境保护工作的启示。 相似文献