营养杯育苗造林在杨家杖子尾矿库生态恢复中的应用

文中介绍了杨家杖子尾矿库坝体治理及一期库坝体植被恢复和沉积滩种植实验工作情况。在植被恢复工作中，采用“营养杯育苗造林”的方法，取得了显著的成效，值得类似条件下的有色金属矿山尾矿库植被恢复工作的借鉴和引用。     

Fuzzy Logic Model to Estimate Seasonal Pseudo Steady State Chlorophyll-A Concentrations in Reservoirs

A fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate pseudo steady state chlorophyll-a concentrations in a very large and deep dam reservoir, namely Keban Dam Reservoir, which is also highly spatial and temporal variable. The estimation power of the developed fuzzy logic model was tested by comparing its performance with that from the classical multiple regression model. The data include chlorophyll-a concentrations in Keban lake as a response variable, as well as several water quality variables such as PO₄ phosphorus, NO₃ nitrogen, alkalinity, suspended solids concentration, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration and Secchi depth as independent environmental variables. Because of the complex nature of the studied water body, as well as non-significant functional relationships among the water quality variables to the chlorophyll-a concentration, an initial analysis is conducted to select the most important variables that can be used in estimating the chlorophyll-a concentrations within the studied water body. Following the outcomes from this initial analysis, the fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentrations and the advantages of this new model is demonstrated in model fitting over the traditional multiple regression method.     

坝体动力抗震及尾矿动力特性分析

为研究尾矿坝的动力抗震特性以及为抗震措施提供理论指导,以四川某尾矿库为例,分析了该尾矿坝在EI Centro地震波、汶川地震波和人工地震波作用下的位移、加速度、液化、安全系数的动力响应特性。采用GDS动三轴仪对该尾矿库的3种典型尾矿进行动力实验,研究结果表明:随着动剪应变幅的增大动剪切模量比逐渐减小,阻尼比逐渐增大;3种尾矿的动压缩弹性模量的倒数与动轴向弹性应变之间的关系为直线关系,在双对数坐标系中,平均有效应力与动剪切弹性模量的关系为直线关系;尾粉质黏土抗液化强度较低,应优化尾矿排放工艺使其尽量沉积到库尾。     

考虑尾矿材料参数空间变异性的尾矿坝稳定可靠度分析

为客观地评价尾矿坝稳定性,在随机场理论和极限平衡分析框架下,采用考虑参数空间变异性尾矿坝可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限元法,通过Karhunen Loève级数展开方法离散尾矿材料参数（渗透系数、摩擦角等）随机场,利用Hermite随机多项式展开拟合尾矿坝安全系数与输入参数之间的隐式函数关系;再采用拉丁超立方抽样技术产生输入参数样本点求解多项式展开系数;最后,通过应用到一实际尾矿坝工程说明了该方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法可以真实地模拟尾矿材料的空间变异性对尾矿坝稳定性的影响,保证尾矿坝可靠度分析与确定性稳定分析互不耦合,与10 000次直接拉丁超立方抽样方法相比,该方法具有较高的计算精度和效率。     

强冲击荷载作用下加无粘结预应力筋格栅坝动力响应分析

泥石流拦挡坝主要以增加自身刚度来提高其拦挡能力,但对于巨石块的碰撞,坝体刚度越大,其受冲击力也越大,相应的坝体结构破坏也越大。创新性地将无粘结预应力筋设置在普通格栅坝中,利用ABAQUS软件对普通格栅坝和加无粘结预应力筋格栅坝在相同冲击条件下(以10m/s的冲击速度)坝体被撞后动能的变化、加速度响应值、位移值和Von-mises应力进行了有限元数值模拟计算与对比分析。结果表明:加无粘结预应力筋格栅坝比普通格栅坝能吸收更多的冲击能量,冲击方向的加速度响应值更小,具有更好的抗冲击性能。     

拉西瓦水电工程对区域生态影响分析

水利水电工程非污染生态影响评价开展的时间较短,评价的技术方法尚不成熟。黄河拉西瓦水电站是“西电东送”工程北部通道的重要组成部分,工程所在区域属生态环境较为敏感和脆弱的青藏高原。论文在阐述拉西瓦水电站区域生态现状的基础上,度量了其所在区域的植物生产力和生物量,并以工程的初步设计为依据,重点分析了工程可能对区域植物生产力和植物生物量、景观格局和生物多样性等产生的影响,并提出了相应的控制对策。分析结果表明,在采取一定管育措施后,拉西瓦水电工程建设对区域生态产生的影响是可接受的。     

试用可持续发展眼光审视中国持续高涨的水坝建设

水坝建设往往忽略了生态影响,轻视了社会问题,高估了经济效益.介绍了国际上对水坝问题认识的最新进展和主要观点,分析了我国水坝建设的现状和问题--西部建坝热潮不退的原因.从现状来看,中国的已建水坝已使长江流域生态退化,加剧了黄河的断流,加重了淮河水质的恶化等.最后以科学发展观为指导,对中国的水坝建设作了一些深层的思考.      

A Decade of Geomorphic and Hydraulic Response to the La Valle Dam Project,Baraboo River,Wisconsin

We investigate stream response to the La Valle Dam removal and channel reconstruction by estimating channel hydraulic parameter values and changes in sedimentation within the reservoir. The designed channel reconstruction after the dam removal included placement of a riffle structure at the former dam site. Stream surveys undertaken in 1984 by Federal Emergency Management Agency and in 2001 by Doyle et al. were supplemented with surveys in 2009 and 2011 to study the effects of the instream structure. We created a model in HEC‐RAS IV and surface maps in Surfer© using the 1984, 2009, and 2011 surveys. The HEC‐RAS IV model for 2009 channel conditions indicates that the riffle structure decreases upstream channel shear stress and velocity, causing renewed deposition of sediment within the former reservoir. We estimate by 2009, 61% of former reservoir sediments were removed during dam removal and channel reconstruction. Between 2009 and 2011 renewed sedimentation within the former reservoir represented approximately 7.85% of the original reservoir volume. The HEC‐RAS IV models show the largest impacts of the dam and riffle structure occur at flood magnitudes at or below bankfull. Thus, the riffle and the dam similarly alter channel hydraulics and sediment transport. As such, our models indicate that the La Valle Dam project was a dam replacement rather than a removal. Our results confirm that channel reconstruction method can alter channel hydraulics, geomorphology, and sediment mobility.     

翟寨子水库的地震破坏和崩岸的探地雷达图像特征

介绍了翟寨子水库地震后的破坏情况,对库岸崩塌病害进行了现场踏勘和探地雷达探测研究,分析了黄土高边坡库区崩岸的雷达波形特征.结果表明库右岸山脚以西的道路存在许多裂缝,缝深6～7m,库岸临空侧存在不少竖向崩塌滑动趋势带.     

浸润线深度对尾矿坝稳定性分析的影响研究

鉴于当前尾矿坝在线监测系统中关于浸润线深度预警指标存在的难定量化问题,基于尾矿库概化模型,假定三种平均坡度,四种浸润线深度,采用FLAC2D软件试用版对尾矿坝的抗滑稳定性程度进行了模拟分析,得到了每种条件下尾矿坝的剪应变云图和相对应的抗滑稳定安全系数,比较了尾矿坝安全系数随着平均坡度以及浸润线深度的变化情况,结果发现：平均坡度对尾矿坝的稳定性影响显著,尾矿坝的整体抗滑稳定系数随平均坡度的减小逐渐增大;此外在平均坡度相同的前提下,浸润线深度自5m增加至10m的区间内,浸润线每增加1m,安全系数提高的程度最大约为5%左右,随后提高的程度逐渐减小,直至稳定在3%左右。此结果为在线安全监测系统的预警提供了技术支持。