Biologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant substances in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen

The objective of this study was to measure the content of flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen. It was also to evaluate the ability of the dried, frozen, and freeze-dried extracts of sunflower (H. annuus) pollen, its scavenged free radicals and reducing action. Another aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial in vitro action of the H. annuus pollen extracts against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. All pollen extracts showed medium antiradical activity and reductive ability. The most effective was the freeze-dried extract in both evaluation systems. The evaluation of the protective effects of DNA using a biosensor showed an opposite trending—frozen ? dried ? freeze-dried pollen. For the evaluation of antiradical activity, the DPPH method was used, and reductive ability was assessed by means of phosphomolybdic complex formation. The comparison of the polyphenols content shows higher values in freeze-dried bee pollen than in the dried and frozen pollen. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the frozen samples and the most carotenoids were present in the dried samples. In our study, the best antibacterial effects of the dried sunflower bee pollen extracts were found against Paenibacillus larvae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus raffinosus. The best inhibitory properties of the frozen sunflower bee pollen extracts were found against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Paenibacillus larvae. Very good inhibitory effects of freeze-dried sunflower bee pollen were found against Paenibacillus larvae, Brochotrix thermosphacta, and Enterococcus raffinosus. The best antifungal activity of the sunflower bee pollen was found in the frozen bee pollen extracts against Aspergillus ochraceus and freeze-dried bee pollen extracts against Aspergillus niger.     

基于城市总规的基本农田空间优化调整研究——以乌鲁木齐市高新区(新市区)为例

随着"三化"进程的推进,有限的土地资源供给与日趋上升的用地需求矛盾日益凸现。农地非农化的现象日趋严峻。耕地和基本农田的保护难度加大。城郊作为城市建成区与乡村衔接的特殊经济地理区位,土地利用受城市化进程和农业用地制约的双重影响,基本农田保护面临更为突出的问题。本文以乌鲁木齐市高新区(新市区)为研究靶区,充分利用高新区(新市区)二轮土地调查、土地总体规划、基本农田划定等数据和图库资料,以GIS技术作为分析工具和手段,在综合考虑耕地的质量与立地条件,结合高新区(新市区)社会经济、城市发展方向与定位、产业用地划定及布局等条件因素,对高新区(新市区)已划定的基本农田与产业空间布局结构衔接进行调整提供科学依据和参考,为区域协调耕地保护寻求路径。     

关于“十五”期间区域发展战略的建议

我国区域发展面临的的主要问题包括：地区发展差距扩大,国土整治和促进区域可持续发展的工作需要加强,失业高发地区的就业压力亟需缓解,扶贫开发工作仍需坚持等。在制定地区发展战略时,应当灾行”效率与公平兼顾”,加快规范的财政转移支付制度的建立,充分运用金融工具,实行地区差别的金融调控政策,尽快着手地区发展立法,选准西部大开发重点开发区,以大河流域作为重要切入点重视开展国土整治工作,抑制人口数量增长,提高人     

论区域环境规划

区域环境规划是现代区域生态经济规划的新发展。然而这一创新点多年来并未引起我们的足够重视,以致于虽然在改善环境方面做了不懈的努力但仍事倍功半。原因就是忽视了环境的区域规划性问题。本文为此作了一些尝试：首先对区域环境规划的基础性内容如环境现状、环境预测、指导思想、规划目标、指标体系等进行了一般分析,然后选择了环境污染治理规划和生态环境建设规划这两个较具典型意义的区域环境规划规范式作为研究对象,进而探讨了区域环境规划的方案编制及其编制时应注意的有关问题。     

Managing Uncertainty in Risk-Based Corrective Action Design: Global Sensitivity Analysis of Contaminant Fate and Exposure Models Used in the Dose Assessment

A variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) was applied to the dose assessment model used in the risk-based corrective action methodology of environmental risk analysis to identify key sources of variability and uncertainty and quantify the relative contribution of these sources to the variance of estimated dose. GSA was performed applying extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test technique. The soil-to-air contaminant transport pathway within an inhalation exposure scenario was addressed. Three persistent semi-volatile carcinogenic chemicals, including polychlorinated biphenyls, benzo(a)pyrene, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, were chosen as contaminants of concern.     

Integrated testing and intelligent assessment—new challenges under REACH

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Due to a number of drawbacks associated with the previous regime for the assessment of new and existing chemicals, the European Union established a new regulation concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH). All relevant industrial chemicals must now be assessed. Instead of the authorities, industry itself is responsible for the risk assessment. To achieve better and more efficient assessments while reducing animal testing, all information-standard, non-standard and non-testing-has to be used in an integrated manner. To meet these challenges, the current technical guidance documents for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals had to be updated and extended considerably. This was done by experts in a number of REACH Implementation Projects. This paper presents the most relevant results of the expert Endpoint Working Group on Aquatic Toxicity in order to illustrate the change of paradigm in the future assessment of hazards to the aquatic environment by chemical substances. MAIN FEATURES AND CHALLENGES: REACH sets certain minimum data requirements in order to achieve a high level of protection for human health and the environment. It encourages the assessor to use alternative information instead of or in addition to standard one. This information has to be equivalent to the standard information requirement and adequate to draw overall conclusions with respect to the regulatory endpoints classification and labelling, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) assessment and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) derivation. The main task of the expert working group was to develop guidance on how to evaluate the toxicity of a substance based on integration of information from different sources and of various degrees of uncertainty in a weight of evidence approach. INTEGRATED TESTING AND INTELLIGENT ASSESSMENT: In order to verify the equivalence and adequacy of different types of information, a flexible sequence of steps was proposed, covering characterisation of the substance, analysis of modes of action, identification of possible analogues, evaluation of existing in vivo and in vitro testing data as well as of QSAR results. Finally, all available data from the different steps have to be integrated to come to an overall conclusion on the toxicity of the substance. This weight of evidence approach is the basis for the development of integrated testing strategies (ITS), in that the available evidence can help to determine subsequent testing steps and is essential for an optimal assessment. Its flexibility helps to meet the different requirements for drawing conclusions on the endpoints classification and labelling, PNEC derivation as well as PBT assessment. The integration of all kinds of additional information in a multi-criteria assessment reduces the uncertainties involved with extrapolation to the ecosystem level. The weight of evidence approach is illustrated by practical examples. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: REACH leads to higher challenges in order to make sound decisions with fewer resources, i.e. to move away from extensive standard testing to an intelligent substance-tailored approach. Expert judgement and integrated thinking are key elements of the weight of evidence concept and ITS, potentially leading to better risk assessments. Important sub-lethal effects such as endocrine disruption, which are not covered by the current procedure, can be considered. Conclusions have to be fully substantiated: Risk communication will be an important aspect of future assessments.     

四环素和铜离子对生物除磷微生物的作用效应

选取污水中的污染物四环素和铜离子为二元混合物,以比吸磷率来表征二元混合物对污水生物除磷微生物的联合作用效应.采用直接均分射线法设计3种二元混合物的浓度配比(Ratio1,Ratio2,Ratio3);采用Logistic方程拟合试验数据获得浓度-效应曲线,并利用浓度加和模型分析二元混合物对生物除磷微生物的联合作用效应及...     

环境影响评价中生物多样性的影响评价探析

环境影响评价分为规划环境影响评价和建设项目环境影响评价。由于两种环境评价类型的发展情况不同,其生物多样性影响评价的发展情况也有所不同。根据其特点概括分析了生物多样性影响评价的现状,包括评价原则和评价方法,指出不足之处,并初步提出了评价指标的筛选。     

4种环境雌激素对淡水鱼卵黄蛋白原诱导的混合物效应研究

在个体水平上阐明环境雌激素类化合物对易受影响生物的联合毒性作用,探讨混合污染物联合作用和环境风险评价的研究方法.通过对鲫鱼血清卵黄蛋白原含量的相对变化和暴露浓度的非线性回归分析得出17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、双酚A(BPA)、辛基苯酚(OP)及其等毒性混合物产生雌激素效应的剂量-反应关系,应用联合作用指数和相加作用模型研究4种环境雌激素的联合作用.各化合物非线性回归分析结果均以Weibull函数拟合效果最好,决定系数R2≥0.92;效应浓度值及其95%置信限通过自举抽样法得出,其中半效应浓度值EC50及其95%置信区间分别为0.0079(0.0068～0.0100)、0.0987(0.0900～0.1110)、63.50(56.58～70.62)和250.59(228.46～271.99)μg·L-1.4种环境雌激素混合物效应通过相加作用模型预测在全剂量范围内与实验结果相一致,呈现相似联合作用.相加作用模型是在各个浓度反应水平上展示化合物联合作用的性质,是切实可行的联合作用研究方法,而混合物效应通过联合作用指数评价存在许多不确定性.     

秦岭北麓平原对全球变暖的响应及其对果业发展的影响研究

论文分析了秦岭北麓8县的近41年的气候变化规律,发现该地区气候变化趋势与全国和全球相似,向暖干化方向发展。采用近41年气候特征值对苹果适宜性进行评价,发现该地区并不是苹果生长的适宜区。夏季高温、较高的相对湿度和较短的日照时数是苹果生长的不利因素。结合目前的气候变化趋势,推论出该地区苹果的病虫害将会加重,苹果质量将进一步下降。地区果业发展中,减少苹果栽种面积和优化果品生产结构仍然具有一定潜力。