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51.
Bolca M Turkyilmaz B Kurucu Y Altinbas U Esetlili MT Gulgun B 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,131(1-3):409-419
Because of their intense vegetation and the fact that they include areas of coastline, deltas situated in the vicinity of big cities are areas of greet attraction for people who wish to get away from in a crowded city. However, deltas, with their fertile soil and unique flora and fauna, need to be protected. In order for the use of such areas to be planned in a sustainable way by local authorities, there is a need for detailed data about these regions. In this study, the changes in land use of the Balçova Delta, which is to the immediate west of Turkey’s third largest city Izmir, from 1957 up to the present day, were investigated. In the study, using aerial photographs taken in 1957, 1976 and 1995 and an IKONOS satellite image from the year 2005, the natural and cultural characteristics of the region and changes in the coastline were determined spatially. Through this study, which aimed to reveal the characteristics of the areas of land already lost as well as the types of land use in the Balçova delta and to determine geographically the remaining areas in need of protection, local authorities were provided with the required data support. Balçova consists of flat and fertile wetland with mainly citrus-fruit orchards and flower-producing green houses. The marsh and lagoon system situated in the coastal areas of the delta provides a habitat for wild life, in particular birds. In the Balçova Delta, which provides feeding and resting for migratory birds, freshwater sources are of vital importance for fauna and flora. The settlement area, which in 1957 was 182 ha, increased 11-fold up to the year 2005 when it reached 2,141 ha. On the other hand, great losses were determined in farming land, olive groves, forest and in the marsh and lagoon system. This unsystematic and rapid urbanization occurring in the study region is not only causing the loss of important agricultural land and wetland, but also lasting water and soil pollution. 相似文献
52.
Eco-environment quality evaluation is an important research theme in environment management. In the present study, Fuzhou
city in China was selected as a study area and a limited number of 222 sampling field sites were first investigated in situ with the help of a GPS device. Every sampling site was assessed by ecological experts and given an Eco-environment Background
Value (EBV) based on a scoring and ranking system. The higher the EBV, the better the ecological environmental quality. Then,
three types of eco-environmental attributes that are physically-based and easily-quantifiable at a grid level were extracted:
(1) remote sensing derived attributes (vegetation index, wetness index, soil brightness index, surface land temperature index),
(2) meteorological attributes (annual temperature and annual precipitation), and (3) terrain attribute (elevation). A Back
Propagation (BP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was proposed for the EBV validation and prediction. A three-layer BP
ANN model was designed to automatically learn the internal relationship using a training set of known EBV and eco-environmental
attributes, followed by the application of the model for predicting EBV values across the whole study area. It was found that
the performance of the BP ANN model was satisfactory and capable of an overall prediction accuracy of 82.4%, with a Kappa
coefficient of 0.801 in the validation. The evaluation results showed that the eco-environmental quality of Fuzhou city is
considered as satisfactory. Through analyzing the spatial correlation between the eco-environmental quality and land uses,
it was found that the best eco-environmental areas were related to forest lands, whereas the urban area had the relatively
worst eco-environmental quality. Human activities are still considered as a major impact on the eco-environmental quality
in this area. 相似文献
53.
A comparison of current techniques for measuring elevations in the beach and near-shore zones is presented. Techniques considered
include traditional methods such as ground survey along transects and airborne stereophotogrammetry, and also newer methods
based on remote sensing such as airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR). The approach taken was to identify a representative
group of users of beach elevation data, elicit their requirements regarding these data, then assess how well the different
methods met these requirements on both technical and financial grounds.
Potential users of beach height measurements include those concerned with coastal defence, coastal environmental management
economic exploitation of the intertidal zone, and coastal flood forecasting. Three test areas in the UK were identified covering
a range of such users and also different beach types. A total of 17 basic user requirements were elicited. For each requirement
each method was scored according to the degree to which it could meet the requirement. Total scores were calculated and each
method ranked. This was undertaken for all the requirements together, for a subset relating to survey of narrow beaches, and
for a subset relating to survey of wide beaches. Approximate costs were also established for the top six methods.
Airborne stereophotogrammetry proved to be the best method technically, but was also the most expensive. Ground survey provides
very good technical performance on narrower beaches at moderate cost. Airborne LiDAR can achieve good technical performance
on both narrow and wide beaches at lower cost than ground survey. The satellite-based waterline method was also inexpensive
and gave good results on wide beaches. An overall conclusion is that, while the traditional methods of ground survey and airborne
stereophotogrammetry remain the best for engineering-related surveys requiring high levels of accuracy, airborne LiDAR in
particular looks set to have a significant impact on beach survey for applications for which a vertical accuracy of 20 cm
is acceptable, provided that its technology evolves satisfactorily. 相似文献
54.
地表水环境遥感监测关键技术与系统 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了地表水环境遥感监测的关键技术与系统及其典型应用,其代表性机理模型和应用示范成果主要来自于中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所的高光谱遥感团队在最近几年中取得的一些研究进展,主要包括建立了基于改进双峰法的水体分布自动化遥感提取方法,实现了简单、高效和高精度的水体提取;提出了大型湖泊长时序水量估算方法,并以青藏高原湖区为例,重建了典型湖泊面积、水位和水量序列;发展了基于“软分类”的典型内陆水体叶绿素a浓度反演方法,构建了基于生物光学模型的高度浑浊水体悬浮物浓度遥感反演半解析方法,提高了反演方法的区域和季节适用性;构建了基于水色指数的大范围湖库营养状态和透明度遥感监测方法,实现了全球大型湖库营养状态遥感监测,以及全国大型湖库透明度遥感监测;在此基础上,开发了地表水环境遥感监测系统,提高了水环境遥感监测效率,促进了卫星遥感在水环境监测中的高精度业务化应用。 相似文献
55.
日益突出的臭氧(O_3)污染已成为继PM2. 5之后我国大气污染防治的又一艰巨任务。由于氮氧化物(NO_x)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)这2种前体物的减排难度较大,且与O_3浓度存在复杂的非线性关系,准确获取O_3及NO_x、VOCs的时空分布对制定有效的防控措施至关重要。基于卫星遥感可定量反演O_3及2种前体物的代表性物种——二氧化氮(NO_2)、甲醛(HCHO)及乙二醛(C_2H_2O_2)的时空分布信息。面向区域O_3污染分析和防控应用,综述了卫星遥感对O_3及NO_2、HCHO、C_2H_2O_2的探测能力,以及利用遥感手段分析区域O_3及其前体物的传输。进而从O_3与NO_x、VOCs关系的角度,分析了利用卫星反演的前体物表征O_3生成风险的可行性。最后对卫星在区域O_3及其前体物监测方面的前景趋势提出了思考。 相似文献
56.
随着遥感数据源的不断丰富,遥感技术不断提高,可以解决越来越多的水环境问题。指出了当前水生态环境管理方面的主要需求,结合目前遥感技术的发展,对国内外的水环境遥感研究进展进行综述。以湖泊富营养化监测与评估、核电站温排水遥感监测及城市黑臭水体遥感监测为案例,具体阐述遥感在水环境管理中的应用方法及成效。未来水生态环境管理发展趋势将以水污染防治为主向水污染防治和水生态修复与保护并重发展。基于此趋势,提出遥感在水生态修复的应用潜力,利于更多地方部门积极有效应用遥感技术,解决水生态环境问题。 相似文献
57.
58.
基于2011—2015年Landsat7、Landsat8等卫星遥感影像,结合土壤侵蚀面积、水资源量、降雨量、污染物排放量等统计数据,按照《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),研究评价广东省"十二五"期间生态环境状况及其时空变化趋势,并对其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明,广东省的生态环境状况总体为优,各市生态环境状况均属优、良,粤北生态环境状况整体最好;广东省及各市生态环境状况稳中趋好,但呈现温和地波动变化;主要污染物排放量下降和水资源总量提高是促进生态环境状况改善的主要原因。 相似文献
59.
为了解决无人机频频入侵机场净空,与民航客机发生危险接近的问题,以碰撞风险为量化指标,对无人机与民机需要保持的纵向安全间隔进行评估研究。分析民机尾涡流场对无人机运行的影响,利用Crow近场涡强度消散理论,得到实际尾迹影响区改进Reich碰撞模板,据此建立CNS/GPS性能环境下的纵向间隔评估模型,通过Matlab进行间隔值求解。研究结果表明:模型可以较为准确地反映民机起飞初始爬升阶段无人机尾随运行时导航性能和尾涡迹对所需最小间隔值的影响,并得到给定安全目标水平的计算结果。 相似文献
60.
Optimal Reorganization of NASA Earth Science Data for Enhanced Accessibility and Usability for the Hydrology Community
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William Teng Hualan Rui Richard Strub Bruce Vollmer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(4):825-835
A long‐standing “Digital Divide” in data representation exists between the preferred way of data access by the hydrology community and the common way of data archival by earth science data centers. Typically, in hydrology, earth surface features are expressed as discrete spatial objects (e.g., watersheds), and time‐varying data are contained in associated time series. Data in earth science archives, although stored as discrete values (of satellite swath pixels or geographical grids), represent continuous spatial fields, one file per time step. This Divide has been an obstacle, specifically, between the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. and NASA earth science data systems. In essence, the way data are archived is conceptually orthogonal to the desired method of access. Our recent work has shown an optimal method of bridging the Divide, by enabling operational access to long‐time series (e.g., 36 years of hourly data) of selected NASA datasets. These time series, which we have termed “data rods,” are pre‐generated or generated on‐the‐fly. This optimal solution was arrived at after extensive investigations of various approaches, including one based on “data curtains.” The on‐the‐fly generation of data rods uses “data cubes,” NASA Giovanni, and parallel processing. The optimal reorganization of NASA earth science data has significantly enhanced the access to and use of the data for the hydrology user community. 相似文献