Regional IUCN Red Listing: the Process as Applied to Birds in the United Kingdom

Abstract:  The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has developed guidelines that enable the assessment of extinction risk at a regional scale. We used these guidelines to assess the extinction risk of birds in the United Kingdom for comparison with an existing assessment of conservation status. Sixty-four species were categorized as regionally threatened, of which 12 were critically endangered. The categorizations of the 223 species assessed agreed broadly with those from the existing U.K. system, which considers more than extinction risk, thus giving a more complete assessment of conservation status. There was, however, a tendency for the IUCN process to give higher risk status to edge-of-range species (some of which are relatively recent colonists considered of comparatively low conservation concern) and low status to those that have declined substantially but remain common (such as many farmland birds, the focus of considerable conservation effort in the United Kingdom). The final red list depended heavily on the subjective decisions made during the assessment process. An alternative interpretation of the guidelines could have resulted in as many as 19 or as few as 6 species being listed as critically endangered. We recommend the revision of the IUCN guidelines to reduce this subjectivity, in particular with respect to the effect of extralimital populations on the likelihood of regional extinction, and hence the potential for variation in the manner of application between regional red-list assessors. Preventing extinction does not have to be the principal driving force behind conservation action at a regional scale if the continuance of a species is safeguarded in other regions.     

阿尔泰诺尔特地区火山岩岩石地球化学特征及构造背景

诺尔特地区火山岩赋存于上泥盆统忙代恰组及下石炭统红山嘴组中 ,火山岩属钙碱性系列 ,主要是酸性陆相火山岩 ,是诺尔特地区中地壳物质经部分熔融作用形成的。构造背景的研究表明 ,火山岩形成于新陆壳演化阶段 ,泥盆纪火山岩是固结期的产物 ,石炭纪火山岩是固结期→弛张期→活化期演化过程中的产物。     

电除尘器柱脚基础安装误差控制技术的研究

阐述了研究开发除尘器柱脚基础安装误差的必要性 ,介绍了开发成果及其实际应用效果与推广价值     

不同地质背景水库区夏季水-气界面温室气体交换通量研究

岩溶水库水化学特征受碳酸盐岩溶蚀风化产物所控制,形成"富钙偏碱高溶解无机碳"的特殊环境,其水-气界面温室气体交换特征、过程及影响因素与其他非岩溶水库存在较大差异.为揭示不同地质背景控制下典型水库水-气界面温室气体交换的特征及控制机制,选取广西三座不同地质背景的水库[大龙洞水库(岩溶水库)、五里峡水库(半岩溶水库)、思安江水库(非岩溶水库)],同时运用静态箱法(FC)和模型计算法(TBL)对其水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4)交换通量进行比较研究.结果表明:1两种方法获得的结果均显示,大龙洞水库库区和出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;五里峡水库库区总体上为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源,其出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;思安江水库库区均为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源.2无论是岩溶水库还是非岩溶水库,其出库水体温室气体排放量远大于库区,如何控制水库出库水体的CO2、CH4释放问题值得关注.3在没有大量淹没土壤有机质和植物的情况下,由岩溶地下水补给的水库水-气界面CH4交换通量与其他半岩溶水库和非岩溶水库差别较小,但由于富含DIC水体的输入及受水库热分层的影响,其CO2交换通量要明显高于其他非岩溶水补给的水库.     

引信电磁感应装定校验纠错码研究

对在引信电磁感应装定中可采用的不同检验纠错码方式进行了理论分析,最终选取循环码并采用循环冗余校验法进行校验纠错。将11位信息码元进行分组,选取其中一组（110）这3个信息码元作为研究对象,求出其生成矩阵与校验矩阵,得到加入校验码后的码元组成（1100101）,根据其矩阵设计出编码与解码的电路图。为了验证加入校验码后的校验效果,用MATLAB软件对（7,3）循环码在噪声情况下的传输误码率进行了仿真验证,得到的结果与理论分析结果一致。     

郯庐断裂带江苏段第四纪活动特征及其动力学背景探讨

本文通过对郯庐断裂带江苏段开展的野外调查、深部构造和运动学特征等方面的研究,结合近年来最新的研究成果,对郯庐断裂带江苏段的第四纪活动特征及其动力学背景进行了探讨.邦庐断裂带江苏段第四纪活动具有东强西弱、北强南弱的特征;郯庐断裂带第四纪的逆冲活动主要受西太平洋弧后扩张的动力学因素控制;南华北与北华北地块深部构造特征和新构...     

Assessing sustainability: An assessment framework to evaluate Agenda 21 actions at the local level

In Switzerland, communities are encouraged to define and to report on local Agenda 21. This paper presents an analysis framework to help local communities set sustainable development priorities and to follow through with appropriate actions. Four Swiss communities, from the French-speaking part of Switzerland, actively follow the project: Lausanne (114 304 citizens), Vevey (15 364 citizens), Mannens-Grandsivaz (505 citizens) and Essertines/Yverdon (666 citizens). The analysis framework developed is constituted of four interdependent fields: the societal characteristics, the individual or collective behaviours, the end objectives or sustainability impacts and the inhabitant's perception of these three fields. The link between society and behaviour can be studied through sociological analyses. The link between behaviour and environmental impact can be established thanks to Life Cycle analysis and Input/Output analyses. At each level, sustainable development indicators can be defined. As an application of the framework, the citizen energy consumption has been studied and expressed in energy slaves (= 3150 MJ/Year). A Swiss citizen needs altogether 69 slaves, 20 for his private consumption of goods and services, 19 for housing, 11 for transport, I1 for food and 8 for his consumption of public goods. If one fifth of the inhabitants of Lausanne, wanting to live closer to nature, actually moved out of town, the region would need 10 436 more slaves for 3500 persons happily living in the countryside.     

应急准备任务设置与应急响应能力建设——基于情景-任务-能力应急预案编制技术研究之二

应急准备任务设置和应急响应能力建设是应急管理中重要内容,是突发事件应急预案编制前置条件和基础。基于情景-任务-能力应急预案管理思想,描述了突发事件应急准备任务和应急响应能力的概念、方法和内容,提出了突发事件应急准备的共同任务和职责任务的一览表,并对共同任务中应急准备一项的内容做了具体介绍。在提出应急响应能力一览表的同时,论述了其功能及发展。     

A national and local media perspective on responsibility for and solutions to storm-related power outages in the northeastern United States

Major storms in the northeastern United States in 2011 and 2012 caused widespread power outages, bringing attention to the vulnerability of utility infrastructure as a result of extreme weather and environmental change. Media coverage of such focusing events provides context for and can affect government and public response. Our objective was to analyze gatekeeping, agenda setting, and framing in the New York Times (NYT) and local newspapers covering power outages related to large storm events in 2011 and 2012 (Tropical Storm Irene, October snowstorm, Hurricane Sandy). Government and utility officials focused on structural solutions to mitigate future storm impacts, whereas residents and businesses targeted individual actions. NYT interviews included residents more frequently than local newspapers, influencing coverage of impacts and solutions. Geographic differences between NYT and local newspapers’ foci may relate to coverage of solutions to and responsibility for outages. Our findings demonstrate the importance of collective action toward shared solutions.     

黄磷厂废渣作水泥混合材的研究

本文较系统地研究了影响黄磷渣作水泥混合材的因素；推荐了提高黄磷渣作水泥混合材的掺量必须控制的条件；按推荐的控制条件，黄磷渣作水泥混合材的掺量可高达４０％以上。