委任消防部队参与院前急救的措施

就现行体制下,分析了消防部队参与灾难和事故时危重伤员的院前医护急救的可行性和好处,提出了消防部队参与院前医护急救的模式,并探讨了消防部队参与院前医护急救所需要解决的技能培训、人员编制、装备配置和经费保障等问题.     

Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach: Observations from the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar

Preservation of the biological diversity and ecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking conservation of the protected areas with improved standards of living for resident peoples within surrounding buffer zones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) approach to protected area management. This paper, based on several years of experience with the Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions the major assumptions of this approach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic strategies available to ICDPs – protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic development – are analyzed and shown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana. Recommendations are made to explore conservation models other than the western conception of the national park, to modify the notion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute money or other resources directly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and to eliminate the middle men in the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local education, organization and discipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance among resident peoples of protected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar to the Roosevelt administration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a hard-currency endowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a replacement for the currently questionable ICDP approach at Ranomafana.     

Aid and Violence, with Special Reference to Sierra Leone

This paper looks at how departures from humanitarian principles can be accommodated, legitimised and obscured within the international humanitarian system. It looks particularly at the case of Sierra Leone between 1991 and 1995. It analyses how misinformation about the causes and dynamics of violence and regarding the aid system contribute to the erosion of humanitarian principles.     

Military Intervention and Humanitarian Action: Trends and Issues

An important trend in military doctrine for so-called 'peace support operations' has been to place them on a spectrum that includes coercion and enforcement. This paper focuses on British writers of doctrine as those responsible for driving the debate forward and forging a consensus among leading military powers. Their discourse is combat oriented, a fact reinforced by a trend towards strategic subcontracting to coalitions of the militarily willing and able. At the same time, there has been a move to institutionalise the involvement of military forces in relief, peace building and development activities. The overall emphasis is on stability and security to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian relief and to establish the conditions for peace-building processes. In the case of Bosnia, this involves conditionality and economic leverage. Although there is a long-established record of peace-keeping forces engaging in goodwill activities (with mixed results), the current trends contain contradictions that seem likely to contribute to the widely perceived erosion of classical humanitarian principles.     

In Defence of Humanitarianism

The humanitarian crisis which followed in the wake of the genocidal regime in Rwanda in 1994 generated massive media attention and an unprecedented outpouring of international public and private assistance. In late 1997, the Rwanda refugee population in Zaire was subjected to a disaster of similarly epic proportions as a result of military action. Yet this crisis went relatively under-reported and failed to attract substantial aid funds, particularly from official donors. This paper seeks to document and account for the demise of the humanitarian imperative. It confronts a number of the criticisms of humanitarian action, concluding that, rather than being flawed, traditional humanitarian values remain valid and should be defended wherever there are situations of conflict.     

ⅠA族和ⅡA族金属的消烟助燃效应及其理论

ⅠＡ三金属和ⅡＡ碱土金属元素是有灰型消烟助燃剂的功能元素，就各族内而言，这些ｓ区金属元素的消烟助燃效应与它们的热电离电离热成反比，此特征与烃火焰条件下碳烟生成的正离子机制有关，就两族间而言，ⅡＡ族金属的消烟助燃效应通常大于ⅠＡ族金属，该特征与ｓ区金属元素的火焰电离特性有关，在实质上，ｓ区金属元素的消烟助燃效应与它们在火焰条件下发生电离的活化能有关，基于碳烟生成的双途径模型，含ⅠＡ，ⅡＡ族金属消烟助     

对外援助能促进能源对外直接投资吗?——来自中国企业的微观证据

使用由多个数据库链接的微观数据,对中国对外援助能否促进中国企业的能源对外直接投资（Outward Foreign Direct Investment,OFDI）决策进行计量检验,结果发现：中国在东道国的援助活动显著增大了中国企业对东道国进行能源OFDI的概率,且当年援助的投资促进效应大于累计援助的促进效应,该结果在多种模型设定下均表现稳健;进一步检验中,研究发现中国对外援助对能源OFDI的促进效应在援助形式、用途和国家类别上存在广泛异质性,其中复合化和高级化的援助形式如技术援助和出口信贷,直接用于经济基础设施、能源产业发展、东道国政府财政的援助,以及援助“一带一路”沿线国家更能激发中国对外援助的能源OFDI促进效应。本文为中国对外援助能够带动中国能源OFDI提供了直接的微观证据,也为如何发挥对外援助的能源OFDI驱动效应提供了有益启示。     

纳米SiO2对含十二烷基苯磺酸钠微污染原水的助凝特性

以含微污染有机物——十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的高岭土悬浊液为研究对象,投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)与纳米SiO₂,借助在线显微摄像技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO₂作为水处理剂的絮凝作用、助凝效果以及形态学特性.结果表明:①PAC与纳米SiO₂单独使用时,PAC对无机高岭土颗粒去除效果好;而纳米SiO₂对去除SDBS有利. ②仅投加PAC,当pH为10时,SDBS去除率低于4%;当pH为5～6时,SDBS去除率可达50%. ③不同pH下将纳米SiO₂与PAC联用,SDBS去除率显著提高;以纳米SiO₂为助凝剂,偏酸性环境有利于SDBS的去除,当pH为5时,SDBS去除率可达75%.④中性条件下,在PAC与纳米SiO₂投加量比值为3时,纳米SiO₂的助凝效果最优;纳米SiO₂宜在投加PAC后40 s时加入,絮体粒径大、结构强大、沉降性能好、分形维数值大、剩余浊度低,SDBS去除率高.      

混凝-膜组合工艺处理水产养殖废水

采用混凝-膜过滤组合工艺处理鳗鲡养殖废水,实验研究了混凝对废水的处理效果,确定了最佳的混凝剂和助凝剂,并对水体进行2种膜工艺的处理。结果表明,聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)是处理鳗鲡养殖废水的理想混凝剂,最佳用量为30 mg/L;加入助凝剂壳聚糖,能有效提高混凝剂污染物去除效果,助凝剂最佳用量为0.3 mg/L,pH值约为6.0;膜分离可以进一步提高处理效果。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为6.82~7.65 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度为0.78~0.92 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.35~0.39 mg/L,硝酸盐氮质量浓度为2.49~3.07 mg/L,活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.74~0.89 mg/L,水温为20~28℃时,混凝-膜过滤组合方法对养殖废水中5项指标的去除率分别为:75.6%、61.2%、82.9%、37.5%和59.1%。但总体而言,混凝-膜组合工艺在水产养殖废水应用中处理效果明显,具有可行性和实用性。     

Reconciling food and bioenergy feedstock supply in emerging economies: Evidence from Jiangsu Province in China

This study takes the perspective of emerging economies as an independent group to answer the question of how to reconcile food supply and bioenergy feedstock provision, a critical topic in bioenergy research. While much of the literature has covered this issue, the role of emerging economies has rarely been explored. Due to their transitional status in the world economy, solutions from this group can facilitate the diffusion of modern bioenergy from industrialized countries to least developed ones. This paper uses Jiangsu Province in China as a case study to analyze its local practice on the reconciliation between food and bioenergy. Local experience reveals that the key is the use of cellulosic biomass, whose sources are straws of food crops on arable lands and energy crops on reclaimed mudflats. To ensure a sustainable provision of cellulosic biomass, it is necessary to involve the entire bioenergy supply chain consisting of smallholder farmers, haulers and bioenergy plant operators. For the management of the supply chain, we compare two options, “Multiple to Multiple” and “Multiple to One”, where the second option is more adequate to shape a long-term stable relationship between biomass suppliers and consumers and thus facilitate the introduction of energy crops.