宁夏盐池四儿滩湿地-干草原植被群落稳定性研究

以宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地-干草原为研究对象,根据四儿滩湿地植被特征,将其由湿地中心向外依次划分为湿生带、交错带、旱生带。通过2012年7—9月份的野外调查,利用改进的M.Godron稳定性测定方法,研究其植被群落的稳定性。结果表明：（1）3条样地带的植被群落稳定性交点坐标分别为(18.39,81.61)、(24.75,75.25)、(22.85,77.15),即湿生带植被群落稳定性最高(欧氏平方距离为5.1802),旱生带次之（欧氏平方距离为16.2677）,可见水分对植被群落稳定性有着正相关作用;而由于交错带位于湿生带和旱生带之间,同时湿地面积不断缩减,因而交错带处于不断演替的阶段,其植被群落稳定性最低。（2）3条样带的植被种类数量表现为,交错带数量最多（23种）,旱生带次之（21种）,湿生带的种类最少（12种）,主要与旱生带土壤含水量低,湿生带土壤盐碱化严重的现象密切相关,而交错带由于处于旱生带和湿生带之间,同时具备了土壤含水量适中,土壤盐碱化较弱的优点,故植被种类最多。整体上,四儿滩湿地植被群落趋于稳定,且植被种类较多。这与近年来盐池县实施的草场封育措施密切相关,大大降低了放牧对湿地植被的破坏,利于植被生长和恢复。此外,今年雨水较往年多,很大程度地提高了干旱半干旱区植被的覆盖率和多样性,提高其稳定性。     

Meta‐Analysis of the Effectiveness of Marked Wire in Reducing Avian Collisions with Power Lines

Abstract: Collisions of birds with power transmission and distribution lines have been documented for many species, and cause millions of casualties worldwide. Attempts to reduce mortality from such collisions include placing bird flight diverters (i.e., wire markers in the form of, e.g., spirals, swivels, plates, or spheres) on static and some electrified wires to increase their visibility. Although studies of the effectiveness of such devices have yielded contradictory results, the implementation of flight diverters is increasing rapidly. We reviewed the results of studies in which transmission or distribution wires were marked and conducted a meta‐analysis to examine the effectiveness of flight diverters in reducing bird mortality. We included in our meta‐analysis all studies in which researchers searched for carcasses of birds killed by a collision with wires. In those studies that also included data on flight frequency, we examined 8 covariates of effectiveness: source of data, study design, alternate design (if marked and unmarked spans were alternated in the same line), periodicity of searches for carcasses, width of the search transect, and number of species, lines, and stretches of wire searched. The presence of flight diverters was associated with a decrease in bird collisions. At unmarked lines, there were 0.21 deaths/1000 birds (n =339,830) that flew among lines or over lines. At marked lines, the mortality rate was 78% lower (n =1,060,746). Only the number of species studied had a significant influence on effect size; this was larger in studies that addressed more species. When comparing mortality at marked and unmarked lines, we recommend use of the same time intervals and habitats and standardizing the periodicity of carcass searches.     

染色体组荧光原位杂交及C—带鉴定小麦中的簇毛麦染色体

通过分子细胞生物学方法，对抗白粉病、高蛋白质含量“小麦×簇毛麦”杂种后代端体附加系进行染色体组荧光原位杂交，以鉴定附加染色体来源．结果表明，附加端体染色体为簇毛麦染色体，染色体C－带分析结果显示，该端体可能为簇毛麦6Vs或7Vs染色体．该端体染色体携有抗白粉病和高蛋白质基因，利用染色体显微操作技术可对这些优良基因进行分离、克隆并加以利用．染色体原位杂交结果还发现，通过“小麦－簇毛麦”易位系6Vs／7AL易位染色体转移操作，已将易位染色体转移到推广小麦品种“川育12”中．此外，还观察到同源染色体在细胞内为相邻排列，而不是随机分布于核内     

芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析了不同人类活动方式下芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤镍（Ni）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）含量差异,采用污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和沉积物质量基准（SQG）比较法对湿地土壤重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：6个样地土壤重金属含量只有Cd含量（0．76—3．67mg／kg）显著超过土壤环境质量二级标准（GB15618—1995）;6个样地土壤Cd和Cu含量与塘式水产养殖湿地、网式水产养殖湿地、垃圾倾倒地下游湿地和垃圾倾倒地土壤Pb和Zn含量超过土壤背景值,而6个样地土壤Ni和Cr含量与湖泊底泥和耕地土壤Ph和Zn含量未超标;土壤6种重金属综合污染指数为垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（25．4）〉网式水产养殖湿地（25．3）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（23．1）〉垃圾倾倒地（19．2）〉耕地（8．2）=湖泊底泥（8．2）;土壤6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为网式水产养殖湿地（603．6）〉垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（595．5）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（538．4）〉垃圾倾倒地（439．9）〉耕地（145．6）〉湖泊底泥（136．6）。土壤cd含量高是导致湿地土壤重金属较高污染（Cd单项污染指数占综合污染指数：49％～76％）和存在严重潜在生态风险（Cd单项潜在生态风险指数占综合潜在生态风险指数：88％～96％）的关键元素。基于沉积物质量基准比较法的潜在风险评价结果表明湿地土壤存在M、Cd和Cu污染的中等潜在生态风险。     

高压静电分选Ag与PET的实验研究

为了提高高压静电分选Ag与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,简称PET)的效率,寻求可产生较佳分选效率的电压、转速、极间距和电晕线角度。采用自制的线辊式静电分选机,通过单因素实验和部分因子实验,研究了不同条件下Ag与PET的分选效率。结果表明:将Ag与PET从二者混合物中有效分选出来的电压为25~30k V、转速为60~75 r/min、极间距为60~70 mm、电晕极角度为50~60°;当电压为30 k V、转速为75 r/min、电晕极距离为70 mm和电晕极角度为60°时,Ag的分选效率达到了最大值为99.60%,PET的分选效率也达到了最大值为99.98%,为线辊式静电分选机结构设计与参数优化提供了参考。     

长江中下游地区丰水期河、湖水氢氧同位素组成特征

稳定同位素技术在示踪水体的来源、演化及不同水体间相互转化关系、污染源已被广泛地应用.基于2018年7月对长江中下游地区长江干流河水和湖水同位素样品收集,本文分析了长江中下游地区丰水期河水和湖水中δ¹⁸O和δ²H组成特征,在此基础上进一步揭示了其空间上演化特征及其影响因素.结果表明长江干流δ¹⁸O和δ²H值自三峡库区向下游地区呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,这与降水同位素变化密切相关.在三峡库区段与宜昌-城陵矶段河水δ¹⁸O和δ²H值无显著差异,而河水d-excess值波动范围较小.在洞庭湖-江汉和华阳-鄱阳湖湖泊群中湖水δ¹⁸O和δ²H值要贫于太湖-三角洲湖泊群,且太湖-三角洲湖泊群湖水中d-excess值为负值,这主要是太湖-三角洲地区受同位素较为富集的降水和强烈的蒸发作用的影响.在淀山湖和大通湖同位素值最大,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖同位素值偏小,这主要是由于长江与鄱阳湖、洞庭湖直接相通,两湖的水情直接受制于长江影响,水位较高,鄱...     

哈尔滨大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

大气降水同位素的研究对于深入理解地区水循环特征具有重要意义.而基于降水样品实测数据在高纬度寒冷地区的研究尚不多见.本文基于2020年7月—2021年6月一个水文年周期内68个大气降水样品,测定了降水中的δD和δ¹⁸O,分析了哈尔滨降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源.结果表明：(1)哈尔滨大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O平均值分别为-89.33‰和-12.46‰,具有明显的冬低夏高的特点,年内变化范围均较大,分别为-275.50‰～-3.67‰和-35.68‰～-1.10‰,较全球平均值低67.33‰和8.46‰,较中国平均值低39.33‰和4.46‰.(2)哈尔滨大气降水线方程为：δD=7.66δ¹⁸O+6.29(R²=0.98),斜率和截距与全球的8和10和中国大气降水线的7.9和8.2接近,与东北地区大气降水线的7.20和-2.39相比,斜率差异较小而截距差异明显.(3)氢氧同位素与气温之间的拟合方程为：δD=0.34T-15.40(R2=0.41,p<0.01),δ¹⁸O=2.5...     

饮用水水源保护区毗邻项目的环境管理研究

饮用水水源保护区是一种重要的生态红线类型,二级管控区内不得建设排放污染物的项目.毗邻生态红线的项目需得到重视,并进行严格的环境管理.以江苏句容备用水源地茅山水库旁某高端养老中心项目为例,研究其施工期、运营期对茅山水库饮用水水源保护区的污染影响,并针对性地提出若干环境保护建议与措施,为饮用水水源保护区毗邻项目施工、运营的环境管理提供参考,以保障饮用水安全.     

Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Larix Spp. and Pinus Sylvestris and Their Climatypes in Siberia

Inter- and intraspecific effects of climate change were assessed for the dominant conifers of Siberia (60–140^∘E and 48–75^∘N): Larix spp. (L. sibirica, L. dahurica, and L. sukaczewii) and Pinus sylvestris . The approach employed a tri-variate (degree-days above 5 ^∘C, degree-days below 0 ^∘C, and a moisture index) estimate of the climatic envelope within which exists the actual ecological distribution of a species and their constituent climatypes (genotypes physiologically attuned to similar environments). Limits of the actual ecological distribution were approximated by reducing the climatic envelope according to effects of permafrost and interspecific competition. Climatypes were mapped within the climatic envelope according to the climatic interval that must separate populations for reasonable assurance of genetic differentiation. This interval was calculated from response functions that related 13-year growth and survival of a species to the difference in climate between the provenance of a climatype and the climate of numerous test sites distributed across Russia. Mapping species' distributions and their climatypes was done for the contemporary climate and for future climates predicted by the HadCM3GGa1 scenario of Hadley Centre. The results showed that if the forests of the future are to reflect the adaptedness of today, the distribution of species will shift and genotypes within species will be redistributed. Some contemporary climatypes are projected to disappear from Siberia while others common elsewhere would evolve. To mitigate these effects, climatypes should be transferred today to the expected future location of their climatic optima, a distance that is likely to approach 700–1200 km for these species.     

山西省输电线路工程水土保持措施研究

本文分析了输电线工程水土流失的特点,结合山西省区域地形地貌及气候特点,提出输电线路工程中防治水土流失的一些措施,为山西省输电线路工程建设水土保持工作的进行提供科学依据。