建筑物窗口尺寸对火灾竖向蔓延影响的研究

本文以不同窗口尺寸下火灾沿外墙竖向蔓延情况为研究对象,通过对ASTM E2307标准实验台下的火灾场景进行模拟计算,完成了不同窗口尺寸下热通量随距燃烧室窗口下沿高度变化的曲线图,并对上层玻璃破裂时的热通量进行分析,得出窗口尺寸对于火灾竖向蔓延的影响,为性能化防火设计中窗口尺寸及窗口间距提供参考.     

茂兰自然保护区景观格局空间变化研究

为促进保护区生态环境和地区社会经济的可持续发展,应用2005、2010年茂兰地区高分辨率影像和1∶5万地形图,基于Arc GIS、FRAGSTATS软件平台,采用移动窗口法、DEM,对茂兰自然保护区景观格局的空间结构及其演化进行研究。结果表明:1)保护区景观格局呈明显的5个团状高值区,中心区域异质性显著;2)从实验区到核心区,SHDI下降65%,ED降幅46.73%,LSI下降49.71%,PD下降40.21%,同时CONTAG上升43.95%,LPI上升达107.01%,景观由实验区团状、均衡、破碎化,向南部农用地随道路的延伸而镶嵌分布的格局转化,其中缓冲区整体空间密度高,异质性强;3)研究区人工景观集中分布在坡度0°~5°之间,自然景观以35°~45°向两侧递减,5°~25°间面积最小,实验区格局演化呈良性,要防止居民点向陡坡地区蔓延;缓冲区与核心区格局演化呈不合理,缓冲区不但要防止居民点向陡坡地区蔓延,还应合理规划道路、还林还草,提高农用地利用效率;核心区毁林开荒现象较为严重,且农用地利用率低;4)造成格局差异的因素主要包括保护区发展的政策导向、特殊的地理形态以及不合理的土地利用。     

基于功基窗口法的国六重型柴油车实际道路排放研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对6辆典型国六重型柴油车开展了实际道路排放试验,并利用功基窗口法分析了重型车实际道路CO、NOx和PN排放特性,结果表明：实际行驶过程中重型柴油车排放后处理装置能有效控制CO和PN排放,但NOx排放存在显著不确定性.现行重型国六排放标准规定的功基窗口法在排放评估过程中最高可剔除46.68%的NOx高比排放窗口,大幅低估了实际道路工况尤其是市区拥堵路况下的重型柴油车NOx实际排放量,建议采用更加科学合理的数据处理方法评价重型车实际道路排放.     

风窗对井下通风系统的影响及其调节与定位优化

利用回路阻力平衡关系分析了井下风窗安装前后通风系统中各分支间风流流动关系,提出了某些分支安装风窗后,通风系统各分支的风量对此变化作出反应的分析模型,给出了度量风量和阻力反应敏感性强弱的方法;假定通风系统中某些分支同时安装风窗,在保留风窗的使用对通风系统所带来的正面作用,但要抑制其负面作用的条件下,基于尽可能使所有参与调节的分支的风阻增、减值最小化的原则,提出了指定分支实施调节的调阻调节法和优选分支实施调节的调阻调节法,并建立了相关最优调节模型及其求解方法。结果表明:两种模型可以在风窗安装之前进行解算,解算结果可预知风窗安装后通风系统各分支的风流的分布情况,并确定出相应的调控策略;优选分支调阻调节模型可以用于选择最优的风窗安装位置、数量及风窗阻力,后者可以用于确定风窗窗口面积。     

用于环境检测的智能窗户装置研究

本文研究了一种可以检测环境中一氧化碳浓度、风速、温度和湿度等参数空气质量,由窗体、窗框、电源模块、传感检测模块、无线通讯模块、控制模块、电机传动模块和位置检测模块等组成,能自动开启和关闭,实现通风或者封闭功能的智能窗户装置。     

Assessing the Restoration Success of River Widenings: A Landscape Approach

During the last 200 years, many rivers in industrialized countries have been modified by canalization. In the last two decades, the philosophy of river management has changed considerably, and restoration of ecological integrity has become an important management goal. One appealing restoration approach is to create “river widenings” that permit braiding within a limited area. This study presents a new and efficient framework for rapidly assessing such widening projects and offers a novel method to comparing restored sites with near-natural stretches (stencil technique). The proposed framework evaluates spatial patterns of riparian habitat types using landscape metrics as indicators. Three case studies from river restoration (river widening) in Switzerland are presented for demonstration purposes.The method compares restored sites with prerestoration conditions and near-natural conditions, which are assumed to represent the worst and best case states of a river system. To take into account the limited spatial extent of the restored sites, the so-called “stencil technique” was developed, where the landscape metrics of the near-natural reference sites are calculated for both the entire study area and smaller sections (clips). The clips are created by using a stencil that has the exact shape and size of the restored area (random window-sampling technique). Subsequently, the calculated metrics for the restored sites are compared to the range of values calculated for the near-natural data subset. Our studies show that the proposed method is easy to apply andprovides a valid way to assess the restoration success of river widenings. We found that river widenings offer real opportunities for establishing riparian habitats. However, they promote mainly pioneer successional stages and the habitat mosaic of the restored section is more complex than at the near-natural reference sites.     

鄱阳湖区粮食供给功能的空间格局分析

在种植制度复杂、地块破碎及多阴雨天气的南方地区,应用卫星遥感植被指数时间序列数据提取复种指数受到中低空间分辨率的限制。使用较高空间分辨率影像是提取该区域复种信息有效的数据源。论文以鄱阳湖区为研究区,通过遥感解译提取水田空间信息;在界定单/双季稻生长期物候历的前提下,根据水稻不同生长期内归一化植被指数(NDVI)的明显差异,选择合理时间窗口的TM影像获取水田NDVI数据,采用非监督分类法提取单/双季稻的空间分布信息;结合湖区乡镇不同熟制水稻单产数据估算出基于栅格的水稻产量。研究表明,4月下旬到6月下旬是判别双季早稻与单季稻空间分布的合理时间窗口;7月上旬到8月上旬及9月中旬到10上旬是判别单季稻与双季晚稻空间分布的合理时间窗口。2005年,单季稻播种面积为3 081.58 km²,晚稻/早稻播种面积为3 602.97 km²,水稻复种指数为153.9%。单季稻普遍分布在市县建成区周边,双季稻主要分布在河口三角洲等地。全年水稻总产量约1 650×10⁴ t,单季稻占30.5%,双季稻占69.5%。赣江下游地区两种熟制水稻产量均较高,而湖汊及湖区外围丘陵地区产量较低。     

考虑受灾点需求时间窗的应急物资配送车辆路径规划研究

为解决灾后应急物资亟待配送到灾区的现实问题,提高应急物资配送效率,考虑灾区对应急物资的需求紧迫程度的差异,建立软硬时间窗综合约束情况下以应急物资配送的总延迟时间最短、软时间窗的惩罚成本最小、硬时间窗的不满足个数最少为目标的应急物资车辆配送路径方案生成模型。前期对路网数据预处理,形成配送中心到受灾点的多对多时间最短路径集合,后期根据目标和约束进行模型构建,并利用遗传算法求解。引入算例分析对模型的有效性进行验证。结果表明:该模型可综合考虑软硬时间窗的影响,形成高效的应急物资车辆路径配送方案,可对灾后整体的应急方案制定提供帮助,具有较好的可行性和现实意义。     

Point patterns of forest fire locations

In this paper I demonstrate some of the techniques for the analysis of spatial point patterns that have become available due to recent developments in point process modelling software. These developments permit convenient exploratory data analysis, model fitting, and model assessment. Efficient model fitting, in particular, makes possible the testing of statistical hypotheses of genuine interest, even when interaction between points is present, via Monte Carlo methods. The discussion of these techniques is conducted jointly with and in the context of some preliminary analyses of a collection of data sets which are of considerable interest in their own right. These data sets (which were kindly provided to me by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources) consist of the complete records of wildfires which occurred in New Brunswick during the years 1987 through 2003. In treating these data sets I deal with data-cleaning problems, methods of exploratory data analysis, means of detecting interaction, fitting of statistical models, and residual analysis and diagnostics. In addition to demonstrating modelling techniques, I include a discussion on the nature of statistical models for point patterns. This is given with a view to providing an understanding of why, in particular, the Strauss model fails as a model for interpoint attraction and how it has been modified to overcome this difficulty. All actual modelling of the New Brunswick fire data is done only with the intent of illustrating techniques. No substantive conclusions are or can be drawn at this stage. Realistic modelling of these data sets would require incorporation of covariate information which I do not so far have available.

中高温区水合肼SNCR脱硝反应机制和特性研究

研究了水合肼选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)还原烟气中NOx的反应机制并加以实验验证,同时利用敏感性分析找出主导肼SNCR反应进程的基元反应,并分析了各相关因素对水合肼SNCR反应的影响,机制分析显示肼的脱硝反应温度呈双峰特性,峰值温度分别为650℃和975℃,低温段窗口为597～747℃.实验结果表明水合肼的SNCR双峰温度分别为653℃和968℃,低温段温度窗口为587～707℃,模拟和实验结果中的脱硝效率均呈现显著的双峰值特性.通过模拟计算与实验验证,发现本研究归纳的反应机制能较好地模拟肼的SNCR脱硝过程;通过敏感性分析确定,在肼的脱硝温度窗口内,最有助于NO脱除的基元反应是N2H4的分解反应,最有助于NO脱除的是NH2基元;氧气体积分数降低会导致肼的SNCR反应温度窗口向高温侧偏移,这一现象与氨水相反;n(N2H4)/n(NO)的增加会在摩尔比低于2.0时拓宽反应温度窗口并提升脱硝效率.研究表明水合肼拥有比传统脱硝剂更低的温度窗口,在SNCR脱硝工艺中具有良好的应用前景.