Multifractal characteristics of cylindrical sludge drying

This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory. The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different cross-sectional diameters was studied, from which multifractal parameters such as partition function and quality exponent were obtained. The parameters acquired were used to calculate the multifractal singularity spectrum and indicate the presence of multifractal characteristics. The smaller cross-sectional diameters of the sludge were found to be non-homogeneous, and required quantitative methods to analyze.     

螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷效果及其特性的研究

利用螺旋升流式反应器 (SpiralUp FlowReactor,SUFR)系统进行了生物脱氮除磷的试验研究 ,该系统连续稳定运行两个月的结果表明 ,对TN、TP和COD的去除率分别达 86 %、96 %和 94 %以上 .对SUFR系统的反应特性进行了分析 :(1)螺旋流动特征使本反应器的形式接近于活塞流反应器 ,有利于在空间上形成有机物的浓度梯度分布 ;(2 )SUFR系统表现出了较好的有机底物和氧气的传质特性 ;(3)SUFR系统中的微生物种群具有多样化 ,所形成的微生物生态系统更稳定 ,抗外界干扰及恢复调节能力强     

一体式膜生物反应器工艺中膜过滤特性研究

膜生物反应器是生物降解与膜分离相互影响、共同作用的过程。膜对活性污泥混合液的分离过程包括两个过程:一是膜对活性污泥等固体颗粒的分离;二是膜对活性污泥混合溶液中大分子有机物的分离。膜过滤的过程不但要克服膜固有的阻力Rm和固体颗粒形成的阻力Rd,而且要克服膜分离过程中分离大分子所形成的凝胶层阻力Rg和边界层阻力Rc。对膜过滤过程模型进行了描述,结合模型考察了压力、泥水混合物的性质、曝气量、抽吸-停抽时间等对膜分离特性及膜污染的影响。此膜过滤过程模型对于实际操作寻找合适的操作条件具有一定的指导意义。     

Using thermal analysis with kinetic calculation method to assess the thermal stability of 2-cyanopropan-2-yliminourea

Azo compounds, which are commonly used as initiators and blowing agents, are also typical self-reactive materials capable of undergoing runaway reaction during storage and transportation, which can cause severe fires and accidents. To ensure the thermal safety of azo compounds in the process, transportation, and applications, this study investigated 2-cyanopropan-2-yliminourea, which can also be called V-30. First, thermal decomposition characteristics under the non-isothermal conditions were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. Second, the collected data were combined with a mathematical model to evaluate the primary thermal hazard during the process for V-30. Then, based on a heat-transfer model, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) was extrapolated for consideration and non-consideration of consumption of chemicals. The results showed that SADT of V-30 was less than 80 °C. Therefore, it is essential to avoid a temperature beyond SADT or the cooling system will fail. The influence of consumption was also considered for SADT in this study.     

长径比对管道油气爆炸特性与火焰传播规律影响研究*

为了探究长径比对油气爆炸传播特性与火焰传播规律的影响,为复杂管道受限空间油气爆炸防控提供理论参考,结合油气爆炸与爆炸抑制工程实际需要,构建不同长径比管道油气爆炸模拟实验系统,在此基础上开展不同初始浓度的预混油气-空气混合气爆炸实验。研究结果表明:管道内部的预混油气爆炸超压信号呈先上升后下降的趋势,由于耗散以及憋压效应导致超压下降平稳后仍大于初始压力;同时长径比增加会导致达到最大爆炸超压的油气浓度增加,油气爆炸超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现上升→下降→上升的规律,小长径比管道的油气爆炸超压峰值高于大长径比管道,但同为小长径比管道或大长径比管道工况的实验结果对比显示爆炸超压峰值随着长径比增加而提升;而超压上升速率则会随着长径比的增加而上升;长径比的增加同时也会促进火焰的加速传播并减小火焰持续时间。     

Investigating factors influencing drivers' speed selection behavior under reduced visibility conditions

Objective: Driving speed is a major concern for driving safety under reduced visibility conditions. Many factors affect speed selection in low visibility, but few studies have been conducted examining drivers' characteristics, particularly in China. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between drivers' demographic information, driving ability, and speed choice in low-visibility conditions using a sample of Chinese drivers.

Methods: A self-designed driving ability scale was used to assess driving ability in reduced visibility conditions. The reliability and validity of 306 gathered questionnaires were examined in this article, and a structural equation model (SEM) was built to explore the predictors of drivers' speed selection behavior under reduced visibility conditions and to measure the relationships between various factors.

Results: Age and driving experience have no direct relationship to speed selection behavior in reduced visibility, but the frequency of using expressways and annual mileage are significantly related to the speed on roads that have a speed restriction of 80 or 120 km/h. Under reduced visibility conditions, driving ability has a significant effect on speed selection behavior, and driving skill (DS) is the most influential on speed selection behavior on roads with a speed limit of 120 km/h; otherwise, the effect of risk perception (RP) does not differ by speed choice on 3 roads with different speed limits. Driving speed in good weather also has a positive influence on speed selection behavior in low visibility.

Conclusion: Driving ability is directly associated with speed selection in reduced visibility conditions, and some demographic data indirectly influence speed selection. This study provides useful recommendations for drivers' training programs to reduce casualties from accidents in low-visibility conditions.     

森林自燃火灾中的凋落物辐射升温特性研究——以岳麓山为例

为研究森林火灾的凋落物辐射升温特性,设计一套森林凋落物温升速率测定实验装置,从岳麓山采样并通过辐射加热实验观察凋落层内部各点温升状况,采用红外热像仪辅助拍摄着火过程。分析处理7组不同月份的实验数据,获得森林凋落物的温时曲线、温度关联曲线,并建立温升速率关于含水率与表观密度的关联方程。研究表明:温升初期横向温升速率高于纵向温升速率,着火时刻附近纵向温升速率快于横向;岳麓山森林凋落物着火温度区间为340～350℃,在本实验条件下平均着火时间为420 s;各测点温升规律一致,热源基点处达到着火点时的周围温度在200℃左右。     

典型学生人群对疏散指示反应特性的初步研究

本文针对典型学生人群对疏散指示的反应特性开展了初步的实验,分析了试验者给出的能见度主观评价（主观能见度）的统计结果,得出了影响主观能见度的因素：疏散指示的亮度、大小和颜色。与统计实验同步使用固定增益、自动光圈、手动调焦的CCD摄像机获取了距疏散指示不同距离的场景,结合图像处理的方法实验获得了疏散指示的亮度、对比度信息。基于此,并考虑疏散指示大小和颜色对能见度的影响,提出了一种主观能见度评价的心理模型,较好地符合了统计实验结果,可以用来评价疏散指示主观能见度。     

聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)冷冻干燥絮体的表面与孔分形研究

采用低温急速冷冻-真空干燥技术制备了PFC-HA絮体的粉末样品,研究了这些样品的物理与分形特征.结果表明,PFC-HA絮体具有晶体结构,SEM图象中有方块状形体;絮体主要组成元素为C、O、Fe,所含的特征官能团保留了絮体组成原料的一些特征;絮体的干燥样品的BET比表面积为51～92 m2·g-1,BJH累积吸附孔体积为0.0638～0.108 cm3·g-1,BJH脱附平均孔径为3.53～4.60nm,PSD峰值对应孔径3.9nm(4#样品还有另外一个PSD峰值53.2nm).PFC-HA絮体的干燥样品具有自相似性的粗糙表面,呈现多尺度分形特征;图象法确定的表面分形维数Ds值远低于N2吸附/脱附等温线法确定的结果,分别为2.14～2.22、2.90～2.96;前者的分形尺度大约处于23～390nm之间,主要属于絮体干燥样品的外表面尺度,后者的分形特征尺度区间的下限大约为0.2nm,属于孔表面尺度,因此,PFC-HA絮体干燥样品的表面粗糙度主要集中于孔表面.另外,对同一絮体,N2吸附法和脱附法确定的孔表面分形维数基本相同.通过热力学模型计算出的4#样品的Ds值接近于FHH理论计算出的结果,但分形尺度的区间变小了.     

泛比电阻电除尘器收尘性能实验研究

泛比电阻电除尘器是一种具有辅助电极和交错平板收尘电极的新型电除尘器.通过对其伏安特性及除尘效率的试验研究,并与传统线板式静电除尘器进行比较,结果表明辅助电极对电晕电流具有明显的抑制作用,在相同的外加电压下,泛比电阻电除尘器对高比电阻锅炉飞灰的收尘效率比普通的线板式电除尘器明显要高.