火灾预防与控制技术实施中成本与效益的研究

用经济学的基本理论与方法分析了方法技术实施中成本与效益的关系,重点研究了合理投资及最佳投资的确定原理与方法,为人们综合考虑的防火投资的经济效益和系统的安全性提供了一个理论指导。     

汉江源土壤流失状况及生态效益测评

在通用土壤流失方程的基础上,提出了土壤侵蚀系数和土壤保持系数的概念和计算方法,用其对南水北调中线工程水源区土壤侵蚀状况及生态效益进行了测评,结果表明:(1)自然条件影响下,研究区潜在土壤侵蚀量大且空间分布差异显著,中高山区远大于河谷盆地区。(2)研究区实际土壤侵蚀量较小,但土壤侵蚀系数较大且空间分布规律性强。人类水土保持措施与土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀贡献率高,低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀系数最大,局部可达0.6,中高山及盆地区相对较小。(3)中高山区水土保持效益略有增加;河谷盆地及低山丘陵区明显减小。(4)低山丘陵区应成为今后水土保护工作的重点监控和治理区,也是应重点考虑的生态补偿区。     

“It's easy to throw rocks at a corporation”: wind energy development and distributive justice in Canada

In places like Canada, fast-paced wind turbine development combined with policy that limits local decision-making power has resulted in strong opposition to specific projects. Some studies suggest that anti-wind sentiment is tied to inadequate financial benefits – especially sharing at the local level. Thus, ideas of distributive economic justice have received traction, particularly in the form of praise for community-based development models. This paper reports on the findings from a mixed-methods study concerning preferred distributive justice elements in rural communities in Ontario (technocratic-based model) and Nova Scotia (community-based model) living with turbines. Residents’ perceptions of economic benefits are nuanced, but unlike other studies, this empirical work shows that both the fair distribution and the amount of local benefits are important predictors of project support. Yet, concerns around the fair distribution of benefits dominate in a regression on the adequacy of those benefits. A variety of interview and survey findings further point to the strength of traditional, profit-sharing community-based models for distributing benefits, but also more novel ideas including lowered electricity bills and tax rebates in areas home to turbines.     

Monetary assessment of the recreational benefits of improved water quality – description of a new model and a case study

The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has created a demand for comparing the benefits and costs of the remedial measures. A major part of the benefits from improved water quality relate to the increased recreational value. However, there is a lack of easily operative and widely applicable quantitative methods to assess the benefits of improved water quality for recreational use. We present a new model to link physical indicators of water quality, water feasibility indicators for different recreational uses, individuals’ perceptions concerning the current feasibility of water for recreational purposes and monetary measures of water-related recreation benefits. The model has been applied to nine lakes, three rivers and one large coastal area in Finland. In this paper, we present the principles of the method and the results from one case study. In Finland, the method has been applied for the economic analysis required in the WFD.     

Unexpected threat from conservation to endangered species: reflections from the front-line staff on sea turtle conservation

This study described the paradox created by the efforts of a conservation organization, which caused an emerging threat to the survival of an endangered species, as well as proposed recommendations to mitigate this paradox. In-depth interviews were conducted to investigate the problems encountered during the implementation of conservation practices by green sea turtle conservation workers (volunteers) in Lanyu, Taiwan. The staff believed that the implementation of the green sea turtle conservation measures violated the traditional cultural beliefs of the local residents (Tao/Yami ethnic group), which caused resentment by the residents towards the organization. Consequently, the residents did not cooperate with the organization and even discouraged conservation activities. In addition, green sea turtle ecotourism promoted by the conservation organization in recent years violated local customs of not having contact with green sea turtles or entering their habitats.     

浅谈高浓度氨氮废水处理的可持续发展方向

基于可持续发展观念,简评了目前一些常用的和新研发的氨氮废水处理方法,认为既能高效脱氮又能充分回收氨的磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀法和可节能减耗的生物脱氮新工艺,将是未来高浓度氨氮废水处理的优先选择和发展方向。     

农业光伏电站综合效益评估研究——以浙江某150兆瓦项目为例

农光互补项目具有能源生产和粮食种植的双重价值,开展农业光伏电站的综合效益评估,有助于量化项目的实施效果,促进项目可持续发展。基于生态系统服务价值理论,本文构建了农业光伏电站的综合效益评估体系,并结合实地调查,以浙江乐清市某150兆瓦农光互补光伏发电项目为例进行了示范研究,分析了电站2018—2021年综合效益的构成和变化,比较了电站不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务差异,探讨了不同生态系统服务之间的协同与权衡关系。结果表明：(1)电站每年的经济效益在7534.11万～8417.06万元,电力效益上下波动,农业收益稳步增长;(2)随着项目的实施,电站的生态系统服务价值呈现“先减少后增加”的变化,总体增长量为435.31万元,单位面积生态价值从7.16万元/公顷提升至8.52万元/公顷,说明此农光互补模式对生态系统有积极影响;(3)由于光伏板下杂草区向水稻区的转变,电站的水源涵养和空气净化功能略微降低,土壤保持功能基本不变,而洪水调蓄和固碳释氧功能大幅增长;(4)光伏板的存在导致电站固碳和释氧功能的下降,而在光伏板下种植水稻改善了这一状况,并使电站的土壤保持和洪水调蓄功能发挥了较大作用;(5)...     

农村居民点土地整理研究--以芜湖市为例

农村居民点土地整理是近几年来产生的一种新型的农村土地整理形式，其研究尚处于不成熟阶段。运用定性与定量相结合的方法对农村居民点土地整理工作前期的几个理论要点，即土地整理的必要性、可行性以及效益等，并结合芜湖市农村居民点的具体情况进行了详细的分析论述。其研究成果不但有助于我国土地整理事业的发展，而且可为其它地区的农村居民点土地整理工作提供一定的理论基础。     

植物篱种植模式综合效益研究

植物篱种植模式是一种有效的山区水土保持、土壤改良以及多种经营的耕作模式。该模式自20世纪70年代以来在热带非洲和东南亚等地区进行了试验、示范和较为系统的研究,作为坡耕地水土保持和土壤改良的生物措施受到广泛重视。20世纪80年代以来该模式在我国很多地区也进行了研究、示范和推广,并取得显著成效。本文在国内外已有研究基础上,采用层次分析法对四川省宁南县马桑坪的等高固氮植物篱种植模式的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益及综合效益进行了较为系统的分析和评价。评价结果表明,植物篱种植模式的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益及综合效益均大于顺坡耕作模式,种植新银合欢植物篱比种植山毛豆植物篱的综合效益高;在种植相同植物篱树种的前提下,施磷肥比不施磷肥的效果好。同时,针对该技术目前在研究和应用方面存在的问题提出了一些建议。     

开展持续清洁生产 确保环境和经济协调发展

辽阳石化分公司现有的装置排放的污染物种类多、浓度高,易对环境造成污染,因而推行清洁生产策略将为企业带来较好的效益。在2002年,该公司对污油装置、二氧化碳装置和双环装置实施了清洁生产方案。同时还通过完善各项规章制度,解决了开展清洁生产的资金和技术问题,分析了污染物产生的原因,制定了切实可行的改革方案。实施新方案后年创效益360万元以上。同时,装置的外排污水量同比减少了40.6%,污水处理费同比降低了48.5%,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。