污染损失与环境效益分析

污染损失是在某一污染状况下，环境资源使用者因环境污染所遭受的经济损失，包括损害费用和防护费用。污染损失不只与环境质量有关，也与环境资源使用量有关。以水污染为例，通过江苏某区水污损失估算结果，经回归分析，评价了该区“七五”期间水环境投入的效益。     

雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述

由于干旱、人口增长、地表水地下水污染等问题 ,人们对雨水资源的开发利用产生了极大的兴趣并进行了广泛的研究 ,而且已初步显示出雨水资源开发利用的巨大潜力。文中对雨水的汇集、蓄存、利用技术,雨水利用对区域环境的影响,雨水资源的评价,雨水利用的效益评估等方面的最新研究进行了全面的分析总结 ,同时 ,提出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题。     

Environmental benefits of underground coal gasification

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏａｌｉｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｅｎｅｒｇｙｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｔａｋｅｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ 70 %ｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅｎｅｒｇｙｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ.Ｂｕｔｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｉｓｅｎｆｒｏｍｃｏａｌｍｉｎｉｎｇ ,ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ,ａｎｄｂｕｒｎｉｎｇｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ .Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ ,ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｔｈｅｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅｄｄｅ…     

The value of energy efficiency programs for US residential and commercial buildings in a warmer world

US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002, accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.

When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation

Abstract:  Conservation should benefit ecosystems, nonhuman organisms, and current and future human beings. Nevertheless, tension among these goals engenders potential ethical conflicts: conservationists' true motivations may differ from the justifications they offer for their activities, and conservation projects have the potential to disempower and oppress people. We reviewed the promise and deficiencies of integrating social, economic, and biological concerns into conservation, focusing on research in ecosystem services and efforts in community-based conservation. Despite much progress, neither paradigm provides a silver bullet for conservation's most pressing problems, and both require additional thought and modification to become maximally effective. We conclude that the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human-dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Conservation must be informed by a detailed understanding of the spatial, temporal, and social distributions of costs and benefits of conservation efforts. Strategies should reflect this understanding, particularly by equitably distributing conservation's costs. (3) We must better acknowledge the social concerns that accompany biodiversity conservation; accordingly, sometimes we must argue for conservation for biodiversity's sake, not for its direct human benefits.     

森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题

本文主要探讨以用材林为主的森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题。论述了采伐更新的特点,提出了综合评价的三个主要方面,四条基本原则以及基本方法与指标体系。最后对采伐更新的生产效益、生态与社会效益评价的具体方法进行了探讨。     

On the optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions: an application of FUND

This paper presents the Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution (FUND), an integrated assessment model of climate change, and discusses selected results. FUND is a nine‐region model of the world economy and its interactions with climate, running in time steps of one year from 1990 to 2200. The model consists of scenarios for economy and population, which are perturbed by climate change and greenhouse gas emission reduction policy. Each region optimizes its net present welfare. Policy variables are energy and carbon efficiency improvement, and sequestering carbon dioxide in forests. It is found that reducing conventional air pollution is a major reason to abate carbon dioxide emissions. Climate change is an additional reason to abate emissions. Reducing and changing energy use is preferred as an option over sequestering carbon. Under non‐cooperation, free riding as well as assurance behaviour is observed in the model. The scope for joint implementation is limited. Under cooperation, optimal emission abatement is (slightly) higher than under non‐cooperation, but the global coalition is not self‐enforcing while side payments are insufficient. Optimal emission control under non‐cooperation is less than currently discussed under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, but higher than observed in practice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

工业园区能量梯级利用节能减排效益分析及其对城市空气质量影响评估

工业园区由于资源能源消耗和污染排放总量大,能量梯级利用水平普遍较低,在我国推进生态文明建设的过程中受到了重点关注.本研究以河南省一个典型的高能耗工业园区（永城经济技术开发区）为研究对象,对能量梯级利用措施带来的节能效果和大气污染物减排效益进行了定量的研究,并且结合CALPUFF模型分析园区能量梯级利用措施对周边城市大气环境质量的影响.结果表明：①通过应用能量梯级利用措施,有效地提高了能源的使用效率,并减少了SO₂、NO_x以及颗粒物等主要大气污染物的排放量.园区12条能量梯级利用链条的节能总量为10000 TJ, SO₂和NO_x排放量分别减少为611 t和1407 t, PM₁₀ 和PM_2.5分别减少为82 t和45 t.②CALPUFF模拟结果显示园区采用能量梯级利用措施在一定程度上改善了城市大气环境的空气质量.永城市2017年4种污染物的最大1 h平均浓度在有能量梯级利用措施情景（S2）下和无能量梯级利用情景（S1）相比均有所降低,其中NO_x降幅最为明显,在春秋两季为70 μg·m^-3左右.     

部门水足迹及其经济效益的时空匹配特征研究

利用水足迹账户法,核算了2005—2015年张家口市市辖区、坝上和坝下三个区域的农业、工业、建筑业、服务业和生活等部门的水足迹,在此基础上分析不同产业部门水足迹经济效益的时空特征。研究结果表明：（1）马铃薯种植成为张家口市农业水足迹快速上升的最主要驱动因子。马铃薯对农产品水足迹的贡献率由10%上升至50%,成为优势农作物,但是主要集中在坝上地区。（2）工业水足迹下降了64%,市辖区下降最快;建筑业水足迹只有工业水足迹的1%~4%;服务业水足迹由571万m³上升至1436万m³,市辖区上升最快。（3）为实现节水目标,张家口市应继续调整种植业结构、最大限度利用降水,进一步减少灌溉用水;工业领域建立与水有关的投入产出表,并对工业内部产业结构和区域产业布局进行节水规划。     

关中地区清洁能源供暖综合效益评价——西安某商业建筑的案例实证

随着中国发展方式转变与能源结构转型的深入推进,能源消耗“双控”与燃煤替代供热清洁化、集中化成为必然趋势。清洁供暖效益评价研究是一个动态的系统性问题,涉及技术、财务、经济和社会评价等方面。目前,有关供热模式评价一般集中在经济和技术视角,难以系统反映经济社会、环境资源等深层次问题。以空气源热泵、燃气锅炉和浅层地热能为主多能互补的供暖方案为评价对象,采用系统评价的方法,基于DPSIR模型构建清洁能源供暖综合效益评价指标体系,利用AHP-POS灰色关联度模型定量评价西安市商业建筑清洁能源供暖方案综合效益和D-P-S-I-R子系统的影响作用。结果表明：在经济、技术和投资环境等条件允许情况下,应优先实施以浅层地热能为主的多能互补供暖方案,依次实施煤改电和煤改气方案。进而提出关中地区清洁能源供暖监管体系对策建议,以供决策者和投资者参考。