黄河河口地区生态供水效益分析

流域生态需水是指流域生态系统为维持一定程度的生态系统健康所需要一定质量的水量,以保证流域生态系统结构和生态功能等为目标,实现流域生态系统健康。流域生态需水量的研究对于社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。论文针对南水北调西线一期工程的供水规划,在提出配水效益计算方法的基础上,针对不同的配水量,计算了黄河河口地区的生态需水量、生态效益以及供水对减少断流所带来的生态效益,并进行了方案比较分析。主要结论是:当来水量分别为55×10⁸、122.8×10⁸或240×10⁸m³时,产生的湿地综合生态效益则为34.85×10⁸、47.18×10⁸或54.72×10⁸元。     

长三角地区2017～2020年臭氧浓度时空分布与人群健康效益评估

近年来,我国臭氧(O₃)浓度呈升高趋势,成为仅次于PM_2.5影响空气质量的重要因素.为掌握长三角地区蓝天保卫战实施期间O₃时空变化特征和人群健康影响,采用莫兰指数和冷热点空间统计方法分析了长三角地区2017～2020年210个监测站点O₃浓度时空特征,并利用健康风险和环境价值评价法评估了长三角区域人群O₃暴露水平变化的健康收益.结果表明,2017～2020年,长三角地区O₃年均值和暖季均值的四分位数范围(IQR)呈现从高浓度向低浓度位移的趋势.暖季和冷季O₃浓度均值均呈现北高南低的空间分布态势.暖季O₃浓度均值在长三角北部和中部腹地城市出现高浓度O₃集聚的特征.区域O₃年均暴露浓度超过160μg·m^-3及以上的人口比例由2017年的72.3%降低至2020年的34.8%.三省一市人口加权年均O₃暴露浓度总体呈现下降趋势,但长三...     

唐山市机动车排放清单与减排经济效益研究

基于唐山市机动车定期环保检测数据获取不同类型车辆的本地年均行驶里程,建立城区内典型车辆的"里程-注册年"特征曲线.采用车载排放测试法获取唐山市典型国Ⅵ阶段轻重型汽车实际道路排放因子.利用COPERT模型进行机动车排放因子本地化修正,建立涵盖不同排放阶段和燃料动力类型的唐山市机动车排放清单,结合唐山市路网信息,建立基于ArcGIS的3km×3km高时空分辨率网格化排放清单,并分析了国三及以下中重型柴油车（简称高排放车）不同淘汰与DPF排放治理比例情景下机动车减排与投入成本效益.研究表明,2020年机动车CO,HC,NOx,PM_2.5,PM₁₀年排放量分别为92403.51,10034.53,70568.35,2036.51,2160.65t,其中：NO_x,PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放主要来源于柴油车,分担率分别为92%,89%和89%;CO和HC排放主要来自汽油车,分担率分别为71%和73%.唐山市实施二环内国Ⅳ及以下柴油货车限行区政策后,二环内CO和HC年排放量削减率分别为22.41%和21.68%;而NO_x,PM₁₀和PM_2.5污染物排放强度显著降低,年排放量削减率分别为78.60%,84.85%和84.79%.在高排放车淘汰与治理情景下,随着高排放车淘汰比例的增长,投入成本和NO_x年均减排量呈线性上升趋势,且NOx减排效果更加显著,而PM减排辆略呈下降趋势.高排放车淘汰率每增长10%,NO_x年均减排量增加892.41t,PM年均减排量减少7.56t,年投入成本增加1.13亿元.     

Costs and benefits of packaging waste recycling systems

This Special Issue provides several different perspectives on the complex issue of packaging waste recycling. It comprises a diverse and rich set of contributions with insights from very different disciplines that range from economics to engineering. All types of “costs and benefits” are addressed in this collection of articles. In addition to the economic and strictly financial impacts of selective collection and sorting of packaging waste, several authors discuss other types of impacts, such as the environmental and social ones. The reader will find articles that address recycling systems as a whole, pieces that focus on specific impacts and detailed discussions of particular material streams or waste management strategies. The Special Issue represents an indispensable resource for academics, policy-makers and practitioners with interests in recycling and packaging waste management.     

镇江市雨水利用示范工程水量平衡计算及效益分析

针对镇江市某医院雨水利用示范工程, 结合该医院绿化和景观用水状况及过去20年的 日降雨量、蒸发量资料,建立相应的水量平衡方程,对区域内雨水利用系统收集和利用的雨 水量进行核算.结果表明,示范工程雨水收集量能够满足该区域内绿化用水、道路喷洒用水 、水面蒸发和其他损失的水量,不需要补充自来水.该系统雨水利用率达到81%,每...     

石油储罐机械清淤技术

石油储罐机械清淤的主要目的是利用喷射清洗机等配套设施将清淤介质在一定温度、压力和流量下喷射到待清洗的石油储罐罐体内表面,去除罐体内表面的凝结物和淤渣,并对其进行合理处置,以提高储罐的存储效率,确保储罐安全运行。文章主要介绍了机械清淤设备的工作原理、施工流程及机械清淤的优势,并说明了该技术在大庆油田的应用情况。     

基于经济效益的成都市土地集约利用评价研究

在立足供需角度分析影响城市土地集约利用因素的基础上,使用因子分析和聚类分析法对成都近年分区县城市土地集约利用的经济效益进行评价.结果表明,人口规模、经济水平和产业结构成为影响到成都城市土地集约利用的关键因素;成都市区县土地利用集约化程度逐年改善,距离中心城区的空间距离大小直接影响到成都市土地集约利用程度,人口密度是促使土地集约利用的最重要驱力.     

赵各庄煤矿矿井排水资源化综合利用研究

赵各庄矿井排水主要为巷道涌水及奥灰水疏水降压排水,排水量大;巷道涌水悬浮物、矿化度均较高,Cd、Pb含量超标,奥灰水疏水降压排水水质良好。针对矿井排水水量、水质特征,给出了矿井排水处理方式及利用规划,可使矿井水得到综合利用,取得良好的水资源化效益。     

Cost and Benefits of Implementing an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSH MS) in Enterprises in Poland

Abstract

This article presents a method of assessing the economic outcome of implementing an occupational safety and health management system (OSH MS). Developed at the Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (Poland), this method focuses on identifying the economic expenses comprising bookkeeping and alternative cost incurred to implement and improve an OSH MS. The method was next used in a study in 20 enterprises. While varying greatly among those enterprises, the alternative cost of implementing and maintaining an OSH MS was much higher than the bookkeeping cost, which was also much lower than the cost of statutory prevention measures. The implementation of an OSH MS resulted in both tangible and intangible benefits, including reduced premiums for work accident insurance.     

HOUSEHOLD WATER USE: TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS AND CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to determine the effect of water intensive appliances or activities on household water consumption. Activities included in the study were use of the washing machine, dishwasher, swimming pool, and lawn watering. In the majority of cases these activities increased per capita consumption and were statistically significant. Households included in the study were not familiar with water saving devices available in the retail market. Even if tehse appliances were purchased, private economic benefits to the household would be low due to the inexpensive water charges levied. However, aggregate community benefits could be large if new well drilling cost or increase in storage facilities could be avoided. In order to avoid these increased costs, regulation or subsidy programs may be the most efficient policy alternatives available to the communities. Subsidies and regulation could potentially decrease water use and offer alternatives to increasing the water supply.