中国东北沈抚地区土壤中PBDEs的残留、来源及风险评价

为研究我国东北地区表层土壤中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的残留和分布.于2016夏季采集了3个城市(沈阳、抚顺和沈抚新区)的72份土壤样品,覆盖本地区4种不同的土地利用类型:城镇用地,农村居住用地,耕地和林地.分析了表层土壤中14种PBDEs的残留,组成和分布特征,探究了本地区PBDEs主要来源及贡献率,并对人体暴露水平和健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,表层土壤Σ₁₄PBDEs的含量(以干重计,下同)范围在0. 279～50. 719 ng·g^-1之间,均值为(10. 466±9. 246) ng·g^-1.不同城市PBDEs的含量规律为:抚顺>沈阳>沈抚新区>背景点,不同类型土地规律为:城镇用地>农村居住用地>耕地>林地.在所有PBDEs组分中,十溴联苯醚占比最高,为81. 25%～89. 23%.来源分析表明,商用十溴联苯醚是主要来源,多元线性回归分析(PCA-MLR)结果显示其贡献率为66. 06%.暴露水平和健康风险评价的结果又表明,5种不同人群中,抚顺的幼儿人群暴露剂量最高,为(20...     

汤旺河着生硅藻群落及其与环境因子的关系

2018年8月(丰水期),在松花江支流汤旺河,调查了24个点位的着生硅藻群落结构和水环境特征.使用聚类分析、 Mcnaughton优势度分析和生态型分析3种方法研究了汤旺河着生硅藻群落结构和清洁度,使用主成分分析、 Spearman相关分析和冗余分析等方法研究了汤旺河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,汤旺河共鉴定出着生硅藻99种(变种),物种丰富.汤旺河丰水期水生态环境质量状况较为健康,着生硅藻主要由清洁种构成,其中Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度为0.32,为绝对优势种.聚类分析结果表明,汤旺河采样点位可分为3组;其中组1和组2健康程度较高,优势种均为清洁种,组3健康程度较其余两组偏低,Nitzschia palea和Ulnaria ulna等耐污种在组3的优势度增加.与组1相比,组2中-高度腐生型和中-富营养型硅藻比例有所增加,极度需氧型硅藻比例有所下降,影响组2硅藻群落结构变化的主要水质因子为高锰酸盐指数.与其他两组相比,组3富营养型硅藻和极度富营养型硅藻比例显著上升,影响组3硅藻群落结构变化的主要水质因子为NH⁺     

CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪应用研究

采用CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪测定CODCr,并与传统的重铬酸钾法比较。实验结果表明,该仪器适用于多种废水、不同浓度CODCr的测定,具有准确、简便、快速等特点。     

2009—2017年南充市城区酸雨特征分析

为了更为有效地治理酸雨污染,根据南充市环境监测中心站提供的2009—2017年降水监测数据,对南充市城区酸雨污染情况进行了分析及源解析。结果表明:2009—2017年,南充市降水pH从4.60波动上升至5.6以上,酸雨频率波动下降,酸雨污染情况有所改善;[SO4^2-]/[NO3^-]从4.92下降至0.86,酸雨污染类型从硫酸型转变为硝酸-硫酸型。同时,对比分析2014—2016年大气污染物排放源可知,NOx排放源中,工业污染源占比由14%降至11%,生活污染源由2%上升至5%;SO2排放源中,工业污染源占比由62%降至43%,生活污染源由38%上升至57%,表明南充市SO2污染已从以工业污染源为主转变为工业污染源与生活污染源并重。     

Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda,Tanzania, and Uganda

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation-state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low-cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition-sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non-beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well-being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post-conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.     

北京市综合商务楼宇安全管理问题及对策——以西城区德胜地区为例

作为城市经济发展重要依托的综合商务楼宇在运营中仍旧存在安全风险。基于此,本文运用专家调查法,结合整体分析与比对分析,研究了综合商务楼宇安全管理现状中存在的问题,进而提出综合商务楼宇应进一步完善安全管理工作制度,加强风险监管工作力度,创新高品质安全管理方式及倡导楼宇安全管理行业化等措施,以期为楼宇从源头上进行安全管理提供科学方法和应用参考。     

The safety implications of vehicle seat adjustments

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to gather information on the preferred front seat position of vehicle occupants and to determine the impact of variation in seat position on safety during crashes. METHOD: The study evaluated the relationship between seat position and occupant size using the chi-square test and compared the risk of severe injury for small females and large males with regard to forward and rearward seat position using logistic regression. RESULTS: While smaller drivers sat closer to the steering wheel than larger drivers, front passengers of all sizes used similar seat positions. Additionally, the risk of injury was higher for small, unbelted females in rearward seat positions and large males (belted and unbelted) in forward seat positions. CONCLUSIONS: Occupants who adjust their seats to positions that are not consistent with required federal tests are at a greater risk for severe injury in a crash.     

超市火灾烟气蔓延及人员疏散的模拟研究

针对某大型超市的实际建筑结构以及人员分布情况,利用计算机模拟设定了几种不同情况下的火灾场景,研究了火灾情况下影响人员疏散的因素,并根据烟气运动和人员疏散模拟的结果,对该超市人员疏散楼梯的数量、宽度以及位置分布进行评估.指出了实际超市火灾过程中人员疏散应该注意的一些问题,给出了合理的防火分区划分以及疏散楼梯的分配方式,对超市建筑人员疏散具有一定的指导意义.     

基于Pathfinder和FDS的火场下人员疏散研究

为了探究高层建筑发生火灾时人员行为对疏散的影响,以上海静安区失火大楼为背景,运用试用版灾难逃生软件Pathfinder,对人员行为进行模拟.实验得到了人员在不同行为模式下逃生时所用的时间和楼梯间内拥挤情况,并探究家庭成员的行为对逃生的影响.利用Pathfinder进行SFPE模式和指导模式模拟以确定哪种模式中的行为属于安全的疏散行为.以《建筑防火规范》规定的允许疏散时间为标准计算出规定时间内的疏散的人数,从而确定处于危险状态下的人员数量和时间.建立了一个简化的高层建筑模型,采用FDS模拟软件对高层建筑火灾进行了火灾模拟,得出了烟气蔓延速度、温度、CO浓度以及能见度的变化规律,为高层建筑火灾烟气的有效控制、人员疏散、火灾扑救提供了一定的理论依据.     

一种高层建筑楼、电梯疏散模型的模拟研究

通过分析目前楼、电梯疏散的研究成果,提出了新的楼、电梯疏散模型,给出了两种具有可行性的电梯运行方案:(1)电梯停靠某一层完全疏散此层及以上所有人员,此层以下人员使用楼梯疏散;(2)7层以上的各层按一定比例选择使用电梯疏散,剩余人员选用楼梯疏散.进一步阐述了楼、电梯疏散时间的计算公式.通过对新提出的楼、电梯疏散模型的模拟计算可知:两种运行方案均可有效地降低总的疏散时间,相比之下第二种运行方案疏散效果更佳,但考虑到实际情况第一种方案可操作性更强.最后讨论了电梯速度对疏散的影响,得出疏散时最好选用运行速度较高的电梯,可提高疏散效率.