秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用探讨

焚烧秸秆害人害已,综合利用利国利民。文中通过分析在实施秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用工作中存在的问题,提出了应对的举措。     

Influence of pesticides contamination on the emission of PCDD/PCDF to the land from open burning of corn straws

Open burning of crop residues has been identified as an important emission source of PCDD/PCDF to the environment. This paper presents the first known data on the emission of PCDD/PCDF to the land considering the influence of pesticides applied in crops planting. Emission factor for PCDD/PCDF to the land from open burning of corn straw with pesticides contamination ranged from 0.07 to 0.57 ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg straw burned with a mean value of 0.24 ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg straw burned and median value of 0.20 ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg straw burned, respectively. The concentration was 35 to 270 times higher than that without additional pesticide contaminated. Initial observation was that emission factor for PCDD/PCDF from open burning of crop residues was overestimated in the former UNEP Dioxin Toolkit. Pesticides contamination should be considered in some hotpots where special and over dosed pesticides has been sprayed especially in developing countries.     

Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from combustion of forest fuels and sugarcane: a comparison between field measurements and simulations in a laboratory burn facility

Release of PCDD and PCDF from biomass combustion such as forest and agricultural crop fires has been nominated as an important source for these chemicals despite minimal characterisation. Available emission factors that have been experimentally determined in laboratory and field experiments vary by several orders of magnitude from <0.5 μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ to >100 μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimental methods on the emission factor.A portable field sampler was used to measure PCDD/PCDF emissions from forest fires and the same fuel when burnt over a brick hearth to eliminate potential soil effects. A laboratory burn facility was used to sample emissions from the same fuels. There was very good agreement in emission factors to air (EF_Air) for forest fuel (Duke Forest, NC) of 0.52 (range: 0.40-0.79), 0.59 (range: 0.18-1.2) and 0.75 (range: 0.27-1.2) μg TEQ_WHO2005 (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ for the in-field, over a brick hearth, and burn facility experiments, respectively. Similarly, experiments with sugarcane showed very good agreement with EF_Air of 1.1 (range: 0.40-2.2), 1.5 (range: 0.84-2.2) and 1.7 (range: 0.34-4.4) μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ for in-field, over a brick hearth, open field and burn facility experiments respectively. Field sampling and laboratory simulations were in good agreement, and no significant changes in emissions of PCDD/PCDF could be attributed to fuel storage and transport to laboratory test facilities.     

涂敷生产线有机废气的治理

特种平带涂敷生产线烘干工段排放大量多种组分有机废气，通过对冷凝法、吸附法和燃烧法等治理方法分析比较，采用催化燃烧法治理该废气达到预期效果。     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

橡胶燃烧事故的应急监测

介绍了福建沙县高砂镇今年"2.12"突发性火灾引发的橡胶燃烧污染事故中,环境监测部门如何有效地开展环境监测,为事故处理指挥部迅速正确地处理事故提供了优质快速的技术支持,并提出做好环境污染应急处置的几点建议。     

北京市2014年10月重霾污染特征及有机碳来源解析

2014年10月北京市出现了多次重霾天气,与此同时,通过全国秸秆燃烧卫星遥感监测发现,北京周边河南、河北等地区恰存在一定规模的秸秆燃烧活动. 对2014年10月4—27日北京市大气PM_2.5中的水溶性离子、金属、OC(有机碳)、EC(元素碳)和有机物示踪物等化学成分进行了分析,对霾天和非霾天PM_2.5中化学成分进行了比较,并使用CMB(化学质量平衡)模型对PM_2.5中有机物的来源进行了解析,采用后向轨迹模拟和卫星遥感图像定量评估生物质燃烧(秸秆燃烧等)对重霾污染的影响. 结果表明:霾天ρ(PM_2.5)〔(229.0±96.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的5.0倍,水溶性离子总质量浓度〔(125.3±59.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的6.5倍,ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)和ρ(NH₄+)分别是非霾天的6.1、8.6和7.1倍,ρ(OC)〔(81.8±39.5)μg/m3〕是非霾天的7.8倍,ρ(EC)〔(6.7±3.4)μg/m3〕是非霾天的4.2倍;霾天生物质燃烧的示踪物——左旋葡聚糖和K+的质量浓度平均值分别是非霾天的9.1和3.3倍. 生物质燃烧、机动车排放以及二次污染物对有机细颗粒物的贡献率分别为18.9%、36.9%和41.9%;二次细颗粒物质量浓度增加了1倍左右;气象条件同样在很大程度上促进了霾的形成. 常规的源解析方法仅可对生物质燃烧的一次污染贡献进行定量,但对重霾污染贡献的全面评价尚需进一步探讨.      

不同生物质燃烧排放多环芳烃及糖醇类化合物的模拟研究

选择水稻、小麦、玉米及棉花秸秆与马尾松枝,采集模拟燃烧时排放的PM2.5,分析PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)和糖醇类化合物的含量,获得PM2.5及负载的两类化合物的排放因子;采用500 W汞灯直接照射收集了PM2.5的尘膜,获得了中、高环PAHs及左旋葡聚糖的光解动力学.结果表明,PM2.5的排放因子介于(2.26±0.60)g·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(14.33±5.26)g·kg-1(玉米秸秆)之间;19种PAHs的排放因子介于(0.82±0.21)mg·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(11.14±5.69)mg·kg-1(棉花秸秆)之间,且以4环类PAHs所占比例最高,介于51%~71%之间(其中马尾松枝燃烧时惹烯的排放因子最大);9种糖醇类化合物的排放因子范围为(52.34±50.16)mg·kg-1(水稻秸秆)~(238.81±33.62)mg·kg-1(小麦秸秆),且都以左旋葡聚糖占绝对优势(72%~96%).光照模拟显示,目标化合物的光照损失都遵循拟一级动力学,其中≥4环的PAHs的光解速率常数随着尘膜中PAHs的负载量增大而减小,来源特征比值Flua/(Flua+Py)和Ip/(Ip+Bg P)相对稳定,而左旋葡聚糖的光解速率常数为0.004 5 min-1,与苯并[a]蒽的光解速率常数(0.004 1~0.005 0 min-1)接近.     

计划烧除攀枝花苏铁林区地面覆盖物对苏铁生长和土壤理化性质的影响

选择攀枝花苏铁林下计划烧除试验后苏铁及其根系周围土壤(0~15 cm)为对象,研究火烧对攀枝花苏铁植株生长、叶片生理和苏铁根系周围土壤理化性质的影响,以期为区域攀枝花苏铁种群恢复和生态环境保护提供理论依据.结果表明:计划烧除区域苏铁成年树的株数及株高没有显著变化,新生叶片数目和幼苗株数相对未烧除区域显著增加,增幅分别达201.66%和317.7%;烧除区域苏铁植株新生叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b,可溶性糖、蛋白质含量,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量,C/N、N/P比与对照区域新生叶片相比无显著性差异,只有类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.计划烧除改变了苏铁根围土壤(0~15 cm)的理化性质,表现在烧除后的土壤含水量、pH值及总N、P、K含量显著降低;但是,火烧显著提高了土壤有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量,微生物量C、N含量也略有升高;这说明火烧有利于增加苏铁林下土壤养分(N)的有效性,为烧除后苏铁快速恢复生长提供有利条件.