Temporal and spatial change detecting (1998–2003) and predicting of land use and land cover in Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM and ETM+ images

Land use/land cover (LULC) has a profound impact on economy, society and environment, especially in rapid developing areas. Rapid and prompt monitoring and predicting of LULC’s change are crucial and significant. Currently, integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) methods is one of the most important methods for detecting LULC’s change, which includes image processing (such as geometrical-rectifying, supervised-classification, etc.), change detection (post-classification), GIS-based spatial analysis, Markov chain and a Cellular Automata (CA) models, etc. The core corridor of Pearl River Delta was selected for studying LULC’s change in this paper by using the above methods for the reason that the area contributed 78.31% (1998)–81.4% (2003) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the whole Pearl River Delta (PRD). The temporal and spatial LULC’s changes from 1998 to 2003 were detected by RS data. At the same time, urban expansion levels in the next 5 and 10 years were predicted temporally and spatially by using Markov chain and a simple Cellular Automata model respectively. Finally, urban expansion and farmland loss were discussed against the background of China’s urban expansion and cropland loss during 1990–2000. The result showed: (1) the rate of urban expansion was up to 8.91% during 1998–2003 from 169,078.32 to 184,146.48 ha; (2) the rate of farmland loss was 5.94% from 312,069.06 to 293,539.95 ha; (3) a lot of farmland converted to urban or development area, and more forest and grass field converted to farmland accordingly; (4) the spatial predicting result of urban expansion showed that urban area was enlarged ulteriorly compared with the previous results, and the directions of expansion is along the existing urban area and transportation lines.     

冶炼厂周边区域夏季大气Cu和Cd沉降特征

为了解贵溪冶炼厂周边农田区域夏季大气重金属沉降状况,于2012年6—8月及2013年6—8月(夏季),设置8个监测点,共收集大气干湿混合样品48个,采用原子吸收分光光度法分析了Cu、Cd。结果发现,冶炼厂周边区域2012年夏季Cu、Cd沉降通量分别为42.5~421、1.01~5.06 mg/m2,平均值149、2.02 mg/m2;2013年夏季Cu、Cd沉降通量分别为40.6~94.3、0.12~0.44 mg/m2,平均值59.4、0.26 mg/m2。同1月份不同监测点Cu、Cd沉降量存在一定差异性,风向为造成该差异性的主要气象因素;不同监测点Cu、Cd月沉降通量与风向频率均具有显著相关性(r均大于0.60)。降雨量影响Cu、Cd月沉降量,Cu、Cd平均月沉降量与降雨量均呈显著相关关系(r=0.91、r=0.87,P0.05)。     

特征分析法在大气环境监测布点中的应用

文章借助李钟山等学者提出的特征分析方法的理论模型,将特征分析法应用于大气监测布点的优化中,以广州市番禺区工业区群的17个监测点为例,得出这17个监测点的联系度矩阵YT=[2.0812.5502.4182.4452.2122.1662.4182.0812.4182.5502.0812.4182.4182.0342.4452.5502.010],根据联系度大小接近原则进行聚类,可以将上述17个监测点大致分为5组,这与实际情况相吻合,因而是可行的。     

西安市白鹿塬滑坡特征及成因分析

白鹿塬位于西安市东南部,白鹿塬滑坡给当地居民的生活造成了很大的困难,也制约着当地经济的可持续发展。白鹿塬滑坡在空间分布上主要集中在以下3个区域:白鹿塬的灞河一侧,河的古刘村一带,鲸鱼沟边。其中,灞河一侧几乎全为滑坡发生区,成群分布。在对西安市白鹿塬滑坡所处地质环境条件调查的基础上,运用地质与遥感方法总结了白鹿塬滑坡特征,认为白鹿塬边较大的地形差异、地层的二元结构、河流的侧蚀作用及人为的削脚是白鹿塬滑坡形成的主要原因。遥感影像图上,滑坡区塬缘处呈现弧形陡坎状,滑坡区坡体较碎,坡体上冲沟发育,有双沟交汇现象;非滑坡区较平整,与塬面浑然一体。表明遥感影像在反映滑坡体方面很有效。     

焦化行业酚氰废水处理工艺现状浅析

酚氰废水含有大量的有毒有害物质,同时由于浓度高,成分复杂,导致处理难度增大,随着环保工作要求的逐年提高,酚氰废水的处理效果问题愈发凸现.本文通过对酚氰废水来源、水质特点、处理工艺对比分析,详细阐述了焦化行业目前的处理工艺演变过程和处理现状水平.     

沉积物污染特征分析的未确知聚类-对应分析模型

针对现有未确知聚类的不足,将聚类有效性函数引入聚类算法中,通过与对应分析方法的综合集成,建立了未确知聚类-对应分析(UC-CFA)模型,并以加速遗传算法优化计算最佳聚类数目、聚类中心以及聚类点(包括污染指标和采样点)隶属于聚类中心的隶属度. 以安徽巢湖塘西河口湿地为研究对象,采用UC-CFA模型对沉积物污染特征进行聚类分析,将所有聚类点划分为4类,即Cd-有机质联合污染区,高磷污染区,Cu-Zn-Pb-Cr复合污染区以及高氮污染区等. 实例研究表明,对于沉积物污染特征分析,UC-CFA模型具有适用性.      

重点环保城市二氧化硫扩散特性的研究

根据高、中、低架源排放污染物与地面环境质量的关系和《全国污染物排放申报登记》数据分析得出的每年各环保重点城市由高、中、低烟囱排放的二氧化硫,以及由1996年度《全国环境质量报告书》中给出的二氧化硫年均浓度,得出每个城市的年平均扩散系数。依据各城市的年平均扩散系数计算结果,将各城市划为不利于污染物扩散、较不利于污染物扩散、较利于污染物扩散和利于污染物扩散的4种类型,本方法在制订二氧化硫排放总量控制方案时,具有指导意义。      

华北及邻近地区的巨灾链

对华北及其邻近地区自清代以来特大地震和水灾构成的4次巨灾链进行了介绍,并初步探讨了它们的形成机制、预测指标及减灾对策。     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.     

中国城市面源污染现状及其影响因素

城市面源污染已成为危害我国城市水体的重要污染源,本文结合国内外研究成果,对城市面源污染的污染特征、影响因素以及控制措施进行了综合分析。我国城市面源污染强度较高,污染物以SS、COD、营养物质为主,污染呈现一定的地域特征和时间特征。影响城市面源污染的因素很多,主要有下垫面、前期晴天时间以及降雨强度等。城市面源污染控制技术方面,要将工程措施与非工程措施综合实施,工程措施主要有植被控制、渗滤系统和湿地滞留系统等,各工程措施相结合,以取得更好的污染控制效果。