基于RS和GIS的万源市生态保护红线划定方法研究

有效划定生态保护红线是维护国家生态安全的需要,改善环境质量的关键举措.以万源市作为研究区域,基于不同角度的生态功能重要性评估方法,采用地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术,遥感(Remote Sensing,和RS)技术,开展水源涵养、土壤保持以及生物多样性等三类生态系...     

基于时间特征指数的水源地突发性污染事件应急评估方法研究

应急评估及其方法研究是建立水源地突发性污染事件应急机制的关键环节之一.在综合评价现有相关应急评估方法的基础上,根据水源地突发性污染事件的风险源不确定性、受体易损性以及需快速反应性等特征,提出了对突发性污染事件的危害影响程度进行应急评估的"时间特征指数"方法.选取了泄漏物质危害性、泄漏量、泄漏位置、流速和风速5项评估指标,计算得出能够反映突发性污染事件对取水口危害威胁性的综合指数.对上海市黄浦江上游水源地一起突发性污染事件进行了案例评估,结果表明该方法具有一定的科学性和可行性.     

水平定向钻穿越施工的失效可能性研究

水平定向钻穿越施工是管道穿越工程的一种主要施工形式,在施工中由于地质条件、设备使用和穿越工艺选择等原因使其存在风险,因此有必要对其失效可能性进行研究。建立了包含“人、机、料、法、环”五方面的水平定向钻施工失效可能性指标评价体系,对于特征影响因素,如扩径比、管土摩擦系数等,运用回拖过程的力学分析得出其分布规律,用模糊化的方法将底层指标分值转化为先验概率,再代入贝叶斯网络进行概率推理,最终确定其失效可能性。以某管道工程采取水平定向钻穿越河流为例,得出其失效可能性等级为“较高”,最后提出了相应的控制措施。运用贝叶斯网络研究水平定向钻穿越施工的失效可能性具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。     

上海浦东新区城区大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

为研究大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)在中低浓度水平下的污染特征及来源,于2018-2020年在上海市浦东新区采用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统对大气ρ(PM2.5)及其水溶性离子的质量浓度进行了在线连续观测.结果表明,2018-2020年ρ(PM2 5)变化总体均呈现冬季较高,春、秋季其次,夏季较低的特征.PM2.5中水溶...     

Vegetation dynamics in succession process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica in the Ordos Plateau北大核心CSCD

Shrub invasion has a serious effect on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems and understanding vegetation dynamics is of great significance to control shrub invasion and recover shrub invaded grassland. In the Ordos Plateau, we selected representative communities in transition process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica. By sampling, cutting, and root-drilling methods, plant coverage, density, biomass, litter, root, and species diversity of different communities were investigated and analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the succession process had six vegetation types, S. bungeana communities, S. bungeana + Cleistogenes squarrosa communities, S. bungeana + Artemisia ordosica communities, A. ordosica + C. squarrosa communities, A. ordosica + Lespedeza davurica communities, and A. ordosica communities. (2) The community coverage decreased initially, and then increased. Whereas, the total density decreased initially, then increased, and then decreased. The aboveground, underground, and total biomasses, and the dry weight of litter showed an increasing trend. (3) The coverage, density, and biomass of S. bungeana decreased gradually, whereas A. ordosica showed an opposite trend. (4) With the increase in soil depth, the dry weight of root showed a decreasing trend. The roots were mainly distributed in the 0-30 cm soil layer. At VI stage, the root distribution of Artemisia community initially increased, and then decreased, and the root depth reached 80-90 cm. (5) The species richness, Simpson, Shannon-Winner, and Pielou evenness indexes initially increased, and then decreased. In summary, shrub encroachment is severe in the Ordos Plateau. Although the community coverage, biomass, and biodiversity during the moderate shrub encroachment stage were high, the shrub-invaded grassland should be restored to S. bungeana grassland due to the decreased grazing value of grassland after shrub invasion. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

北京和东京城市道路积尘磁性颗粒物中金属元素的污染特征和健康风险

于2019年8月对中国北京和日本东京城市道路积尘进行了调查。采用磁性分离和电感耦合等离子质谱法对2个城市道路积尘磁性颗粒物中28种金属元素的含量进行了分析,并比较了污染特征和健康风险。结果表明,东京和北京道路积尘中铁（Fe）元素平均含量分别为25.3和21.2 mg/g,磁性颗粒物占积尘比例分别为22.4%和13.0%。东京道路积尘磁性颗粒物受人类活动排放影响较北京显著,其中锌（Zn）和银（Ag）元素含量是北京的7.2和5.6倍。北京道路积尘磁性颗粒物中元素富集率远高于东京,以铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）等金属元素最为明显。东京和北京道路积尘磁性颗粒物的非致癌风险和致癌风险均低于安全阈值,但致癌风险分别达到6.9×10^-7和6.3×10^-7,接近10^-6的可接受水平,应引起相关部门的关注。手口摄入是非致癌金属元素日平均暴露的首要途径,皮肤接触途径的非致癌物健康风险最高,Cr是导致道路积尘磁性颗粒物健康风险的首要元素。     

基于简化模型的MR阻尼器动力特性

按照结构减振效果位移RMS等价的原则提出的简化模型,分析了MR阻尼器的动力性能。MR阻尼器的等效粘性阻尼系数随施加电压的升高、频率的降低、振幅的减小而提高。施加电压在0～5V时,等效粘性阻尼系数变化幅度较大;达到10V后逐渐趋向饱和。低频、小振幅区域在施加的电压不为零时等效粘性阻尼系数比较稳定,而施加的电压为零时等效粘性阻尼系数随着频率和振幅的升高迅速下降。MR阻尼器可调性主要集中在高频、大振幅区域。MR阻尼器的等效刚度系数约为等效阻尼系数的0.1倍。等效刚度系数随施加电压的降低、频率的增大、振幅的增大而提高。施加电压在0～5V时等效刚度系数变化幅度较大,达到10V后逐渐趋向稳定。     

一个特殊的地震空区

1999 11 0 1,山西省大同市发生了M5 6地震 ,此前 10个月在其震源附近曾发生一群震源定位结果较好的小震。从小震在三维空间的分布情况看 ,在垂直剖面上存在一个NWW向的特殊空区 ,且似乎存在围空地震按顺时针方向旋转发生的现象。采用层状介质点源位错模型 ,由理论地震图拟合观测的垂直向记录 P、 S最大振幅的比值反演小地震震源机制的方法 ,使用大同地震台网和其他地震台网部分台站的记录资料 ,求得小地震的震源机制解。这些震源机制解在 4个象限中呈现出了不同的性质 ,且每两个相对象限中震源机制解的性质相近。5 .6级地震发生在该空区的边缘 ,而余震序列将其填充 ,余震区的长轴方向和空区方向相同。     

Assessment of the status of work zone air environment due to opencast coal mining

In India coal production will have to be increased to meat theenergy demand at a very high rate. By 2000 AD the coolproduction from opencast (O/C) mining will rise to 250 Mt. whichwill be about 70% of the total coal production. The increasing trend of O/C mining leads to cause air pollution problem. A surveywas conducted to assess the status of work zone air envirnmentdue to opencast coal mining in Jharia Coalfield. Keeping in viewof place of dust generation air quality monitoring stations wereselected. Methodology adapted for sampling and analysis of airpollutants have been described. Four season data revealed thatmaximum concentration of SPM was observed at dragline sectionand the next high concentration was at haul roads. At all thelocations SPM and RPM concentrations exceeded the permissiblelimits specified by Indian Pollution Control Board. Shift wiseand location wise analysis for getting higher concentration ofSO₂ and NO_x have been discussed. Wind velocity anddirections, mixing heights, ventilation coefficient of the areahave been analyzed. Huge dust generation creates vision problemto HEMM operators. The methodology adopted may be utilised onindustrial scale for various sites.     

Experimental Assessment of Atmospheric Ammonia Dispersion and Short Range Dry Deposition in a Maize Canopy

In order to study the effect of thevegetation structure on atmospheric ammonia(NH₃) dispersion and deposition, anexperiment was set up near Paris, in July 1997.Between 12 and 162 m downwind of a 200 m line-source releasing 600 to 1200 g NH₃hr^-1placed at the top of a maize canopy, NH₃concentration was measured, within and above thecanopy, with a set of 30 active, acid-coateddenuders over periods of 2 to 3 hr. Eight datasets were collected over a one-month period.NH₃ concentration decreased sharply withdistance to the source, from up to800 g NH₃ m^-3 at 12 m, to lessthan 10 g NH₃ m^-3 at 162 m andshowed strong vertical gradients. Within thecanopy, the concentration scaled using thefriction velocity, the canopy height, and thesource strength, exhibited a universal power lawrelationship as a function of the normaliseddownwind distance from the source. A mass balancemethod and a resistance model approach were usedas independent estimates of the cumulateddeposition at 162 m downwind from the source,which range between 1 and 29% of the emittedNH₃. Both methods agreed approximately inmagnitude. A sensitivity analysis showed that thecuticular uptake and the compensation point aremajor parameters that needs to be bettercharacterised under high NH₃ concentrationif one wants to improve NH₃ short-rangedeposition modelling.