三峡水库蓄水初期水生态环境特征分析

以2003年10月和2004年4月的两次现场调查数据为基础,分析三峡水库蓄水初期的水生态环境特征。结果表明,蓄水初期水库水体交换能力减弱,水库有机污染甚微,但水体TN、TP浓度偏高,水库整体处于中营养状态;根据水生态环境特征的差异性,水库水域可划分为3种类型区,即坝前水域、库区干流水域以及库区支流洄水河段。对主要影响因素进行分析,发现流速、营养盐含量及水温是影响水生态环境特征的主要因素,而由于各类型区的TP、TN等营养盐含量均较高,水温及流速已成为三峡水库水生态环境特征的控制性因子。探讨3类不同水域的富营养化敏感性,表明坝前水域及库区支流洄水河段是库区未来富营养化的敏感水域。     

矿区疏干诱发岩溶塌陷特征分析及预测

针对某矿山疏干诱发岩溶塌陷的现状,分析其塌陷分布特征。提出6个影响塌陷的控制参数。采用相关分析方法量化各控制参数对塌陷的影响。相关性分析结果表明,塌陷的主要影响因素是第4系土层厚度、水位变幅及岩溶含水层渗透系数,其中岩溶含水层渗透系数对塌陷的影响最显著。应用Logistic回归方法,建立岩溶塌陷预测模型。划分出矿区塌陷危险区的具体空间位置,共有3个区域:高危区(渗透系数大于5 m/d);危险区(渗透系数为2.5～5 m/d);活跃区(渗透系数小于2.5 m/d)。     

输电线路铁塔基础安全综合评价体系

目前关于输电铁塔基础结构安全评价的文献较少。针对输电线路铁塔基础安全评价问题,首先,确定了输电线路铁塔基础安全评价指标体系;然后,采用层次分析法和模糊综合判断法构建了输电线路铁塔基础安全评价模型,详细分析了材料表观、环境及材料等多重指标,建立了一套比较完整的输电线路铁塔基础安全评价方法。采用该方法,先用层次分析法计算指标权重,再用模糊综合判断法进行安全评估。结果表明,输入铁塔基础结构的表观因素、环境因素及材质因素等,可对其各安全影响因素进行分级评价,确定输电线路铁塔基础的安全等级。     

Characteristics of mercury emission from linear type of spent fluorescent lamp

In order to recycle the linear type of SFL (spent fluorescent lamp), mercury from SFL should be controlled to prevent leaking into the environment. For mercury emission from SFL, mercury concentration is estimated in the parts of SFL such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap using the end-cutting unit. It is also evaluated mercury emission in the effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. From the results of mercury emission from SFLs, phosphor powder has greater than 80% of mercury amount in SFL and about 15% of mercury amount contained in glass tube. The initial mercury concentration in vapor phase is almost decreased linearly with increasing airflow rate from 0.7 L/min to 1.3 L/min. It is desirable that airflow rate should be high until the concentration of mercury vapor will be stable because the stabilized concentration becomes to be low and the stabilized time goes to be short as increased airflow rate. From KET and TCLP results, finally, phosphor powder should be managed as a hazardous waste but base-cap and glass are not classified as hazardous wastes.     

Determining Decision Thresholds and Evaluating Indicators when Conservation Status is Measured as a Continuum

Categorization of the status of populations, species, and ecosystems underpins most conservation activities. Status is often based on how a system's current indicator value (e.g., change in abundance) relates to some threshold of conservation concern. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves can be used to quantify the statistical reliability of indicators of conservation status and evaluate trade‐offs between correct (true positive) and incorrect (false positive) classifications across a range of decision thresholds. However, ROC curves assume a discrete, binary relationship between an indicator and the conservation status it is meant to track, which is a simplification of the more realistic continuum of conservation status, and may limit the applicability of ROC curves in conservation science. We describe a modified ROC curve that treats conservation status as a continuum rather than a discrete state. We explored the influence of this continuum and typical sources of variation in abundance that can lead to classification errors (i.e., random variation and measurement error) on the true and false positive rates corresponding to varying decision thresholds and the reliability of change in abundance as an indicator of conservation status, respectively. We applied our modified ROC approach to an indicator of endangerment in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (i.e., percent decline in geometric mean abundance) and an indicator of marine ecosystem structure and function (i.e., detritivore biomass). Failure to treat conservation status as a continuum when choosing thresholds for indicators resulted in the misidentification of trade‐offs between true and false positive rates and the overestimation of an indicator's reliability. We argue for treating conservation status as a continuum when ROC curves are used to evaluate decision thresholds in indicators for the assessment of conservation status. Determinación de Umbrales de Decisiones y Evaluación delos Indicadores cuando se Mide el Estado de de Conservación como un Continuo     

铁路专用线验收噪声监测方法探讨

铁路专用线与国铁线路相比,具有流量低、分布不均的特点,《声环境质量标准》（GB3096—2008）中交通干线两侧的铁路不包括铁路专用线,铁路专用线两侧的噪声敏感点应该执行相应功能区噪声标准,与铁路边界的距离无关,以火车通过时最大噪声值与背景值比较,评价对其噪声敏感点的影响。本文通过实测数据对铁路专用线噪声监测方法提出看...     

“5.12”汶川地震诱发滑坡特征参数统计分析

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了Ms 8.0级大地震,震后遥感影像解译与调查结果表明,在约48 700km2的区域内,地震诱发了不少于48000处的滑坡灾害。基于GIS空间分析方法,分别使用滑坡面积与滑坡数量这两个统计参数,对滑坡的地层岩性、坡度、滑向、高程、所在烈度区、上下盘位置和与发震断裂的距离等共7个参数进行了统计分析。统计结果表明,汶川地震滑坡多发育在(1)砂岩、粉砂岩、千枚岩与灰岩地层中;(2)坡度为30°～50°,尤其是35°～45°范围内;(3)沿着垂直于发震断裂SEE方向运动;(4)高程为800～2000m,尤其是1000～1600m范围内;(5)Ⅷ～Ⅺ烈度区范围内;(6)发震断裂的上盘:(7)距离发震断裂40km,尤其是10km的区域内。     

2008年广西雷电活动和雷电灾害分析

利用闪电定位资料,对广西地区闪电活动的时间、强度和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:闪电主要集中在春末仲夏发生,4-9月是闪电高发期(约占全年总闪电活动的98.33%),闪电活动绝大多数发生在午后至傍晚时分;云地闪电中负闪占绝大多数,正闪的平均强度大于负闪;闪电密度高值区主要位于桂东南、北部湾沿海地区和十万大山迎风面,闪电的空间分布差异与地形和水汽条件有很大关系。同时,根据2008年广西雷电灾害事例,分析了雷电灾害的特点和原因。     

客运专线桥梁的地震能量响应分析

在依据能量平衡原理建立的客运专线桥梁地震能量方程的基础上,考虑柔性地基效应和地震动特性的影响,利用大型有限元分析(FEA)软件ANSYS建立某客运专线双柱式桥墩的FEA模型。研究了考虑土-结构相互作用效应的客运专线桥梁进入非弹性状态后的地震能量响应以及各类能量在结构整体系统中的分配规律。分析结果表明:结构滞回耗能和阻尼耗能是客运专线桥梁消耗地震能量的主要方式,而土-结构相互作用和地震动峰值加速度(PGA)对客运专线桥梁的地震总输入能、滞回耗能、阻尼耗能有显著影响,不容忽视。     

车对车侧面碰撞兼容性影响因素分析

汽车碰撞兼容性由于能更好地反映真实交通事故,已发展成为被动安全研究领域中最具安全技术潜力的新技术。针对侧面冲击载荷作用下车对车的碰撞兼容性问题,从理论分析和仿真分析角度出发,研究了主要影响因素:两车质量比、汽车前端刚度特性、汽车几何特征对两车碰撞兼容性的影响。结果表明:质量比是影响两车兼容性好坏的关键因素,通过降低汽车前端变形吸能刚度和主吸能位置、提高两车碰撞接触面积等可以提高被撞击车的耐撞性和降低撞击车的攻击性,从而降低所有涉案人员损伤,提高车对车侧面碰撞兼容性。