Safer Truck Front Design for Pedestrian Impacts*

Truck and bus frontal impacts account for a major proportion of pedestrian fatalities in many less motorized countries. To understand this phenomenon, we have collected injury data on pedestrian impacts with buses and trucks and performed computer simulations to identify critical design parameters at 15–45 km/h impact velocities for further investigation. A male dummy which was scaled to fifty percentile Indian dimensions has been used for simulations using MADYMO. Bumper height, bumper offset and grille inclination affect the pelvis and thorax forces and Head Injury Criterion values critically. Bumper width has less effect. Simulations were performed to optimize for the above–mentioned three parameters. Changes in front geometric parameters reduce injury to the upper body and head below safety limits for the existing force–displacement properties but do not affect leg injuries significantly. Hence bumpers need to be made less stiff. Injury data shows that pedestrians also sustain tibia fractures in bus/truck impacts in apparent low velocity impacts. The computer modeling does not offer adequate explanation for this phenomenon. These simulations confirm that it is theoretically possible to make truck/bus fronts safer for pedestrians in impacts up to 35 km/h.     

汽车组装流水线作业工人慢性肌肉骨骼损伤调查研究

从调查３１６名汽车组装流水线作业工人的慢性肌肉损伤情况中发现，其主要不适有右手或右肩的疲劳、下背痛、手腕压痛、前臂压痛及下背压痛等。汽车组装流水作业工人的这些症状和体征与其工作时右上肢活动明显多于左上肢及常处于前倾弯腰体位有关     

建筑施工伤亡事故现状、原因及其对策

应用安全系统工程学原理及方法分析建筑行业伤亡事故增多的根本原因；综合阐述建筑安全的基本对策，以求标本兼治，使建筑施工伤亡严峻形势得到根本好转     

玉米育苗移栽防御低温冷害和春旱试验研究

为防御玉米低温冷害和春旱,在吉林省东部开展了玉米育苗移栽田间试验。结果表明,玉米育苗移栽是一项简便有效的防灾、减灾实用技术。利用该项技术可增加220～250℃·d积温,因此可采用较当地大田播种生育期长10～15天、所需积温多230℃·d的偏晚熟品种,以避开播种出苗期干旱;产量和产值分别提高40%和35%左右,并可提早成熟,防霜害,提高玉米品质。     

Assessing effects of ambient ozone on injury and yield of bean with ethylenediurea (EDU): three years of plant monitoring at four sites in The Netherlands

EDU (ethylenediurea) and non-EDU-treated bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) L. cv. Lit) were exposed to ambient air at four rural sites in the Netherlands during the growing seasonsof 1994 through 1996 to investigate the responses to ambient ozone. Ozone-induced foliar injury was observed each year anddifferences in injury between sites depended on year. On average,injury amounted to 27% in 1994, to 8% in 1995 and to 1% in 1996. Injury increased with increasing ozone exposure (AOT40) and the estimated AOT40 value corresponding with 5% injury wascirca 3650 nl l^-1 h ozone. The highest ozone levels accumulated at each site for five consecutive days before injuryexceeded the proposed short-term critical level for injury development. EDU reduced injury and its protective effect was positively related to the injury intensity in non-EDU-treatedplants. Yield of green marketable pods (intermediate harvest) andmature pods (final harvest) was generally reduced in non-EDU-treated plants compared to EDU-treated plants and differences inyield reduction between harvests varied between years. The yield of mature pods was reduced in 1994 and 1996 while the yield ofgreen pods was reduced in 1995 by ozone only. Since yield reduction was not correlated with AOT40, the EDU method was notvalid to determine an ozone exposure-yield reponse relationshipfor bean.     

橙色GDP及其演变规律

在分析我国工伤事故发生和演变规律及其与经济增长率(以GDP为指标)之间关系的基础上,提出了橙色(安全预警色)GDP的概念和内容,并进行初步论证.认为橙色GDP应成为评价经济社会发展质量的标志之一,也可以作为经济增长与社会进步统筹失调的预警信号.     

德国工伤保险事故预防机制评介

工伤保险事故预防机制就是工伤保险制度中促进预防工伤事故和职业病的一系列的措施和办法。笔者从管理、经济、法律、技术、心理5个方面具体分析德国工伤保险事故预防机制的具体特点,其中,对管理方面的上层管理机构、研究机构、培训机构、监督机构的设置及其人员配置、企业内部的劳动安全机构及其人员配备进行了研讨;以经济途径为重点从工伤保险费的征收与支出两方面进行了评介;在安全技术方面着重对管理内容即监督事故的隐患、咨询、进行职业病预防、监测与调查、产品安全标准鉴定等进行了介绍;简述了心理方面所开展的安全宣传、教育和培训工作以及相关法律手段。综合分析了工伤保险事故预防机制的形成和运作方式,对其成功经验进行了总结。     

Cross-correlation between the controlled collision environment and real-world motor vehicle collisions: Evaluating the protection of the thoracic side airbag

Objective: Thoracic side airbags (tSABs) were integrated into the vehicle fleet to attenuate and distribute forces on the occupant's chest and abdomen, dissipate the impact energy, and move the occupant away from the intruding structure, all of which reduce the risk of injury. This research piece investigates and evaluates the safety performance of the airbag unit by cross-correlating data from a controlled collision environment with field data.

Method: We focus exclusively on vehicle–vehicle lateral impacts from the NHTSA's Vehicle Crash Test Database and NASS-CDS database, which are replicated in the controlled environment by the (crabbed) barrier impact. Similar collisions with and without seat-embedded tSABs are matched to each other and the injury risks are compared.

Results: Results indicated that dummy-based thoracic injury metrics were significantly lower with tSAB exposure (P <.001). Yet, when the controlled collision environment data were cross-correlated with NASS-CDS collisions, deployment of the tSAB indicated no association with thoracic injury (tho. MAIS 2+ unadjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.14; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.80–1.62; tho. MAIS 3+ unadjusted RR = 1.12; 90% CI, 0.76–1.65).

Conclusion: The data from the controlled collision environment indicated an unequivocal benefit provided by the thoracic side airbag for the crash dummy; however, the real-world collisions demonstrate that no benefit is provided to the occupant. This has resulted from a noncorrelation between the crash test/dummy-based design taking the abstracting process too far to represent the real-world collision scenario.