瓦斯爆炸中的火球伤害效应

针对瓦斯爆炸事故3种危害中的高温热辐射伤害进行研究,结合火灾爆炸事故中的火球热辐射的传播公式,得出适合井下瓦斯爆炸事故的火球传播规律公式.依据该公式划分了瓦斯爆炸事故中火球热辐射的死亡、重伤、轻伤的半径公式,为瓦斯爆炸事故安全评价提供了理论基础.     

Are Bavarian Forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices

Exposure and flux-based indices of O₃ risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O₃ injury. O₃ flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O₃ concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O₃ measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O₃ data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O₃ concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O₃ indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O₃ risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O₃-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O₃ regimes.     

重气泄漏扩散事故后果评估系统研究

分析重气扩散过程和影响因素,对目前主要应用的唯象模型、箱及相似模型、三维流体力学模型、浅层模型等4类模型进行比较分析并介绍基于浅层模型发展而来的SLAB模型。根据重气浓度划分致死区、重伤区、轻伤区和吸入反应区等4个等级的事故后果评估区域。以Visual Basic和Fortran为开发工具,通过TECPLOT进行图形可视化输出,建立基于SLAB模型的重气泄漏扩散事故后果评估系统和重气理化参数信息库。该系统通过重气理化参数和重气泄漏的初始状态和气象条件,以可视化方式直观表现不同等级的事故后果评估区域。     

从《工伤保险条例》修订案析“三位一体”的缺失

针对《工伤保险条例》修改草案中拟新增的事故报告规定与现行的《生产安全事故报告和调查处理条例》相脱节的现象,分析在安全管理、事故和职业病预防、工伤保险上政出多门的弊端及其影响,结合国外的,特别是日本做法的可借鉴性,指出实现事故预防-事故赔偿-工伤康复"三位一体"的事故管理机制的关键,首先要尽早理顺管理体制并对各行政机构的职能权限进行科学合理界定。     

Animal-related injuries: a population-based study of a five-state region in the upper Midwest: Regional Rural Injury Study II

PROBLEM: While agricultural injury has been identified among the major causes of occupational injury mortality and morbidity, data have been limited pertinent to the magnitude, consequences, and potential risk factors for animal-related injuries -- a major source of morbidity among agricultural operations. METHODS: Demographics, exposure, and injury data were collected for 1999 and 2001 among agricultural households in a five-state region. Causal models facilitated survey design, data analyses, and interpretation of results; directed acyclic graphs guided multivariate modeling. RESULTS: From 7,420 households (84% response of eligible), a total of 5,045 injury events were reported; 1,016 (20.1%) were animal-related. Multivariate analyses revealed increased risks for those <20 years; residents of all states compared to Minnesota; all age groups compared to 0-4 years; >0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those 20+ years, increased risks were identified for: South Dakota residents; males; >0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those cases <20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, resulted in lost work time on their agricultural operations (31% and 50%, one week or more). CONCLUSIONS: Animal-related injury has a major impact on the agricultural industry. Results serve as a basis for interventions and further research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The impact of animal-related injuries on the agricultural industry appears significant; among age groups <20 and 20+, 85% and 82%, respectively, had some resulting restriction. For all events combined, 29% and 30%, respectively, involved restriction from one week to 3+ months; 12% and 15% involved restriction for one month or more. Among those <20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, lost work time on their own agricultural operation as a result of injuries associated with their own operation; 22% and 15% lost one week or more. Moreover, of the non-agriculture-related injuries, 31% and 50% resulted in lost work time on their own operation; 15% and 28%, respectively, lost one week or more. Restrictions such as these can affect the productivity of the operation, resulting in financial impacts, especially on small operations that have few people to manage the required tasks.     

Investigation of head injuries by reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian accidents

A sizeable proportion of adult pedestrians involved in vehicle-versus-pedestrian accidents suffer head injuries, some of which can lead to lifelong disability or even death. To understand head injury mechanisms, in-depth accident analyses and accident reconstructions were conducted. A total of 120 adult pedestrian accident cases from the GIDAS (German in-depth accident study) database were analyzed, from which 10 were selected for reconstruction. Accident reconstructions initially were performed using multi-body system (MBS) pedestrian and car models, so as to calculate head impact conditions, like head impact velocity, head position and head orientation. These impact conditions then were used to set the initial conditions in a simulation of a head striking a windshield, using finite element (FE) head and windshield models. The intracranial pressure and stress distributions of the FE head model were calculated and correlated with injury outcomes. Accident analysis revealed that the windshield and its surrounding frames were the main sources of head injury for adult pedestrians. Reconstruction results indicated that coup/contrecoup pressure, Von Mises and shear stress were important physical parameters to estimate brain injury risks.     

基于企业职业伤害风险和违法处罚的分级监察模型研究

对企业实施分级监察的基础是企业监察级别的确定。分级监察是以“风险优先”为基本的原则风险管理思想。本文在对我国现有的安全生产法规政策和安监部门的部分执法文书以及企业违法处罚情况进行分析总结的基础上,建立了企业违法处罚情况的量化模型,并以企业职业伤害风险和企业违法处罚结果为影响因素,建立了二元分级监察模型。运用所建立的模型对辽宁省某市的159家调研企业的监察级别进行了划分,并对分级结果进行了简要分析。     

东北地区玉米低温冷害综合指标研究

在以往对低温冷害指标研究的基础上，将低温冷害成分不同的发育阶段进行分析，结合发育期日数和初霜日研究等，讨论分析了东北地区玉米的低温冷害问题，提出一个玉米低温冷害综合指标。该指标生物学和农学意义明确，计算较为方便，便于在预报上的应用。     

井喷点火过程天然气爆炸后果分析

井喷失控事故发生后，尽快点火是减少人员伤亡的最有效措施之一。然而，点火过程中一旦发生天然气爆炸，其可能的爆炸伤害范围、破坏范围以及是否在可接受风险范围，就成为决策能否点火的关键。本文应用蒸汽云爆炸的肿当量模型和冲击波峰值超压模型，提出了天然气井喷失控后，发生天然气爆炸的人员死亡区、重伤区和轻伤区的计算方法；假设井喷的天然气无阻流量，计算了可能的人员伤害范围，并对计算结果进行了分析。分析发现，在井喷失控后，最大限度地减少井喷失控时间，以及最大限度地防止天然气在某一区域的大量积聚，是减轻井喷失控天然气爆炸后果的最佳措施。