环境侵权与民事救济——兼论环境立法中存在的问题

随着中国环境污染与破坏的加剧,因公害而产生的环境侵权与民事救济将成为中国的一大社会问题。本文分析了传统民事侵权的区别,讨论了环境侵权的归责原则、因果关系推定与举证责任等问题,并提出环境侵权的民事救济应实行预防性的排除侵害与损害、赔偿并重的救济制度,实行利益衡量原则与公害赔偿社会化。最后,作者就如何完善中国环境侵权与民事救济立法提出几点建议。     

基于振动的土木工程结构损伤诊断研究进展

评估土木工程结构的安全状况已成为当前国际上土木工程师十分关心的问题,也是当前国际上的研究热点.在综述近几年国内外有关结构损伤诊断研究进展的基础上,重点介绍了基于振动的结构损伤诊断方法的发展,并对相关问题进行了讨论和评述.最后对基于振动的结构损伤诊断的未来研究提出了几点建议与展望.     

Model for sustainability implementation and measurement in construction sites

Sustainable practices at construction sites should be considered from the start of the project, meaning during the design phase. A model for the implementation of sustainability at a site is an important management tool, and its adoption can indicate good practices and propose an assessment of local conditions. Thus, the main contribution of this article is to propose a practical model to evaluate the level of implementation of sustainable practices at construction sites. The model was based on sustainability certifications and validated at six construction sites in Brazil. The results indicate that construction companies that possess environmental certifications have better levels of implementation of good practices at their work sites. However, it was noted that it is not necessary for a company to obtain an environmental certification; rather, it is necessary for sustainability strategies to become corporate culture.     

Linking Local Sustainability Initiatives with Environmental Justice

Beyond adopting sustainability as a feel-good slogan, many communities are trying to translate this general principle into specific and measurable terms. Community indicators are being introduced as a tool for analysis and community development in US cities from Seattle, WA to Jacksonville, FL. Most efforts acknowledge that sustainability ought to serve communities as a whole; rather than privilege certain elites, sustainability should build social equity. Using a web-based methodology, this research reviews sustainability efforts in 33 of the largest US cities to see which have addressed environmental justice as a dimension of sustainability. Five projects are identified and their programmes are summarised in terms of educational, policy and implementation content. KEE WARNER, Enlazando Iniciativas de Sostenibilidad Local con Justicia Ambiental . Más allá de adoptar la sostenibilidad como un lema para estar bien, muchas comunidades estan tratando de trasladar este principio general en términos específicos y medibles. Indicadores comunitarios esta´n siendo introducidos como una herramienta para el análisis y el desarrollo comunitario en ciudades americanas como Seattle, Washington a Jacksonville, Florida. La mayoría de los esfuerzos reconocen que la sostenibilidad tiene que servir a las comunidades como un todo; más que privilegiar ciertas élites, la sostenibilidad debe construir equidad social. Usando una metodolgía basada en la red, esta investigación estudia los esfuerzos para promover la sostenibilidad en treinta y tres de las mas grandes ciudades de los Estados Unidos para ver cual a dirijido justicia ambiental como una dimensión de sostenibilidad. Cinco proyectos son indentificados y sus programas son resumidos en términos de contenido educacional, político y de implementacio´n.     

How to overcome the development deadlock in the Quilombo Vila Formosa,Brazil?

ABSTRACT

Although Brazilian Quilombolas possess specific land rights referring to their past as African slaves, the realization of such rights often fails due to the absence of land surveys, clarified institutional competencies and the general lack of power under which minorities suffer. Additional factors such as an expanding commercial agriculture contributing to land and water degradation and new actors introducing new logics intransparent to traditional populations often aggravate the situation. In order to identify options for traditional populations to overcome a development-deadlock typical for peripheral regions, the case of a Quilombo in Pará/Brazil will be analysed that has been struggling since decades with conflicting land tenure legislations and institutions. Starting from an inter- and transdisciplinary qualitative research process, scenario building by backcasting can represent an innovative approach to organize the central conflicts which have to be solved in order to overcome the development deadlock of the Quilombo Vila Formosa in Pará.     

Devastating earthquakes facilitating civil societies in developing countries: across-national analysis

ABSTRACT

Developing countries, which often have emerging or fledgling civil societies, are vulnerable to disasters, and especially devastating earthquakes. The long-term influence of devastating earthquakes on civil societies in developing countries is a critical research topic while receives relatively little attention. From a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four key areas of the civil society: civic participation, voluntary organizations, social capital, and democratic governance, and then examined four devastating earthquakes in India, Iran, Pakistan and China in the first decade of the twenty-first century as case studies, to identify the effects these earthquakes had on these four areas. It was found that from a long-term perspective, while the earthquakes strengthened the civil society, they had beneficial but limited effects. We argue that by promoting local community participation, facilitating extensive non-government organization (NGO) cooperation, and streamlining state-civil society relationships, an enabling environment can be developed to further sustain the advances made by a civil society after a disaster.     

基于16PF的民航飞行员人格特征及心理健康研究

为研究适合民航飞行员的人格结构模型及心理健康状态,选用卡特尔16种个性因素问卷(16PF)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对飞行员进行综合测试,调查分析其稳定的个性特征和其近期的心理健康状况;选用SPSS中的因素分析方法进行数据分析研究,并以"大五"人格模型为理论指导,研究民航飞行员群体的人格特征模型;通过Pearson相关性分析,研究16PF中的次级因素与SCL-90中症状因子之间的相关性,并进行对比性分析,研究基于16PF测试的人格特征模型和心理健康状况对民航飞行员的综合评估,为飞行员的心理选拔和定期训练提供科学指导。     

企业安全生产责任制的建立与落实研究

以某中央企业集团公司为例,从安全生产责任制的理论体系、国家的安全生产管理体制、企业安全生产的保障原则等入手,系统阐述企业在建立与落实安全生产责任制过程中的一些要点、难点,为企业安全生产责任制的建设提供借鉴,也为企业管理者的管理决策起到了一定的参考作用。     

高层民用建筑火灾风险综合评估系统研究

为构建更为完善、科学的高层民用建筑火灾风险评价指标体系,并进而建立未确知C-均值聚类模型,对高层民用建筑火灾风险状况进行综合评价,以确定其发生火灾的危险性等级.首先针对目前高层民用建筑火灾风险评估研究存在的不足,提出总体思路.然后,基于危险源辨识,结合《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》,运用事故致因分析及专家调查等方法,分析影响高层民用建筑火灾发生的各种不确定性因素,建立了高层民用建筑火灾风险评价指标体系.在此基础上,根据高层民用建筑火灾风险评价的特点,引入未确知C-均值聚类智能化方法,建立了基于未确知聚类的高层民用建筑火灾风险综合评估模型,并进行了实证分析.结果表明,提出的高层民用建筑火灾风险综合评价系统可以保证高层建筑火灾风险评估的准确性.     

Socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower: The São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil

Economic expansion and related resource and infrastructure needs provoke an increase of socio-environmental conflicts worldwide, and methodologies for their comprehensive analysis and understanding are necessary. The present paper suggests a methodology for the analysis of socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower, developed from a case study on the São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil. On the basis of qualitative semi-structured interviews, a stakeholder definition and conflict analysis were carried out. The analysis shows that at least five different sub-conflicts, each one with its own characteristics, can be distinguished, and that negotiation on many of these conflicts is difficult. Confrontation processes are therefore likely to occur. The current strategy of conflict treatment falls short of the situation; instead solutions must be sought looking at the underlying conflict causes. A restructuring of the energy policy and the approach to traditional populations is a necessary precondition if robust and comprehensive solutions on the current socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower in the Amazon were to be found.