民航飞行员非技术技能评价模型的研究

为了准确地掌握飞行员的非技术技能,提高安全培训效能和飞行机组排班的科学性,对飞行员非技术技能的评价模型进行了研究,从飞行员的机组交流与合作能力、自动化系统意识、情境意识与决策、领导与管理、应激能力5个方面构建了飞行员非技术技能评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析-因子分析相结合的方法建立了飞行员非技术技能评价模型。运用此模型对某航空公司5名不同背景的飞行员的非技术技能实施了评价。研究结果表明:此模型可以定量地判定飞行员非技术技能的高低,并能够识别飞行员非技术技能的薄弱环节。     

内蒙古包头民航机场及周边地区鸟类组成及生态分布

2006年8月-2007年7月,对包头机场周边7km范围内的鸟类组成及生态分布进行了调查,共记录到鸟类153种,分属16目39科。其中留鸟31种,夏候鸟67种,旅鸟47种,冬候鸟8种。该地区繁殖鸟(包括留鸟和夏候鸟)有98种,占调查区鸟类总数的64.05%,其中北方型种类有81种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.65%,表现出明显的古北界鸟类区系特征。调查区分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区、山地、跑道与停机坪7种生境类型,对各生境中鸟类进行了分析。     

Social Demand for Ecosystem Services and Implications for Watershed Management

We performed a sociocultural preference assessment for a suite of ecosystem services provided by the Kiamichi River watershed in the south‐central United States, a region with intense water conflict. The goal was to examine how a social assessment of services could be used to weigh tradeoffs among water resource uses for future watershed management and planning. We identified the ecosystem services beneficiaries groups, analyzed perception for maintaining services, assessed differences in the importance and perceived trends for ecosystem services, and explored the perceived impact on ecosystem services arising from different watershed management scenarios. Results show habitat for species and water regulation were two ecosystem services all beneficiaries agreed were important. The main discrepancies among stakeholder groups were found for water‐related services. The identification of potential tradeoffs between services under different flow scenarios promotes a dynamic management strategy for allocating water resources, one that mitigates potential conflicts. While it is widely accepted the needs of all beneficiaries should be considered for the successful incorporation of ecosystem services into watershed management, the number of studies actually using the sociocultural perspective in ecosystem service assessment is limited. Our study demonstrates it is both possible and useful to quantify social demand of ecosystem services in watershed management.     

Understanding conflicting cultural models of outdoor cats to overcome conservation impasse

Many conservation conflicts are scientifically complex yet are rooted in value conflicts, which result in an impasse. Additional biological information alone is insufficient to resolve this type of conflict. Conceptual models that articulate the material aspects of a system are increasingly used to identify areas where parties disagree. Yet, modeling processes typically follow the conveners’ rules for discussing and assessing the topic, which can exacerbate conflict. Researchers have identified a need for processes that require participants to reflect on the limits of their own philosophical assumptions and acknowledge other perspectives. Cultural models are a promising tool for this purpose because they include nonmaterial beliefs, morals, and values that guide people's understanding of how to interact with an issue, sometimes subconsciously. We explored how cultural models used with conceptual models can improve understanding of value conflicts and used outdoor cat management as a case study. We conducted interviews and focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and cat welfare professionals involved in outdoor cat policy discussions in Hawaii and Washington, D.C. From these conversations, we developed a conceptual model of the outdoor cat management system and cultural models that led stakeholders to weigh elements of the conceptual model differently. Although wildlife conservation professionals generally spoke about outdoor cats as invasive species, cat welfare professionals spoke about them as homeless pets. These conflicting conceptualizations of what an outdoor cat is may help explain the root of many long-standing disagreements. Examining how and when stakeholders invoke different cultural models allowed us to identify management actions that work with, rather than challenge, those models. Dialogue that embraces conflicting cultural models can be difficult and uncomfortable, but has great potential to overcome conservation impasse and achieve lasting conservation results.     

民用机场不安全事件管理系统的分析和设计

根据《机场安全管理体系建设指南》关于机场管理机构应当建立健全安全信息管理制度的监管需求,分析了机场不安全事件管理系统的结构,提出了机场不安全事件管理系统的总体框架。系统采用B/S模式,分为机场员工、驻场单位、机场安全管理部门三级用户,包括事件信息管理、调查分析、风险管理、信息共享等功能模块。本系统实现了机场不安全事件的信息化管理。系统的应用将有效地改善机场安全管理的手段,大大提高安全管理的效率和水平。     

The interplay of career involvement and goal conflicts: An eight-wave study with STEM professionals

Based on a “whole-life”-perspective and integrating theories of self-identity and resource management, the present longitudinal study examines the dynamic relationship between career involvement and conflicts between work and nonwork goals in a sample of 3095 German-speaking doctoral students and doctorate holders (37.0% women) from various STEM fields. We expected increases in goal conflicts to decrease career involvement, and simultaneously tested reciprocal relationships, that is, from involvement on conflicts. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was used to analyze within-person associations across eight measurement occasions (6-month time intervals) while controlling for between-person effects. At the between-person level, career involvement and goal conflicts were negatively correlated. At the within-person level, results showed negative cross-lagged effects from goal conflicts to career involvement as well as negative cross-lagged effects from career involvement to goal conflicts. This indicates that the interplay of goal conflicts and career involvement can result in either an upward or a downward spiral. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Financing of internal displacement: excerpts from the Sri Lankan experience

This paper investigates how internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, financed their first year of displacement. We conducted extensive fieldwork in August 2007 in numerous welfare centres in Batticaloa that have received persons displaced from the Mutur divisional secretariat (DS) in the Trincomalee district. The sample was selected from the village of Sampur in Mutur DS. The displaced from Sampur are of Tamil origin and our findings reveal certain coping strategies that may be particular to this community, including the selling or mortgaging of gold jewellery to address the effects of displacement. We found that the IDPs in this region rely heavily on jewellery and other forms of savings to ensure their survival. There is also strong evidence to support the critically important coping role played by livelihoods. These coping strategies have enabled the IDP households in the present sample to live marginally above the poverty line.     

基于模糊数学的民航航路鸟击概率计算模型研究

随着全球生态环境的不断改善,以及噪音更小进气口更大的喷气式客机的投入运营,航路鸟击日益成为威胁民航安全的重要因素之一。以美国25888条航路鸟击事件为例,通过对其进行分析和统计,确定出航路鸟击的影响因素,并构建了基于模糊综合评价法和层次分析法的航路鸟击概率计算模型;该模型能够用来预测某一航班在指定时间段,指定高度受到某种鸟类撞击的概率值,飞行计划制定人员可以根据该值是否可接受来调整飞行路线,机组也可以提前做好防范预案,从而降低航路鸟击造成的经济损失,确保人员安全,保障飞机在航路上的安全运行。     

Resource use conflicts in Usangu Plains,Mbarali District,Tanzania

Conflicts over natural resources such as land, water, and forests are ubiquitous. People everywhere have competed for natural resources to enhance their livelihoods. However, the dimensions, level and intensity of conflict vary greatly from one place to another. This study was conducted in Usangu plains, Mbarali district, Tanzania, to investigate resource use conflicts and their underlying causes. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and household survey using a structured questionnaire were the major tools for data collection. Participant observation and secondary data sources were also used to supplement information. The study revealed the existence of resource use conflicts in the area. About 50% of respondents argued that relationships between the various ethnic groups in Usangu plains were bad. Conflicts were centred on competition for water and land. Crop damage was ranked highest (25% of respondents) as a cause behind many conflicts in the area. The study recommends that the government should redefine land tenure and land rights, enhance crop-livestock linkages and carry out a stakeholder analysis in the Usangu plains.     

面向对象思想在民用机场危险源辨识中的应用

运用现代安全科学的观点,提出基于认知程度的危险源分类方法,即未知危险源、已知有效管控危险源、已知未有效管控危险源。针对民用机场风险管理过程中,辨识的方法标准不统一、辨识对象的主体单一、辨识的结果口径内容泛失科学性等问题,借鉴面向对象思想的分析思路,试图解决危险源辨识工作不易把握的问题,并在具体实现上进行相应的论述,完成面向对象的危险源辨识模板类的构建。实证结果,验证了面向对象思路的可行性,为民用机场的安全风险管理工作提供了一种新方法。