光纤传感器FBG和BOTDR应用于结构监测的若干比较研究

对建筑结构进行健康监测,可以防止和避免灾害的发生。传感器的选择和使用是进行结构监测时首先要考虑的问题。光纤传感器是一种新型的传感器,因种类不同在性能方面也相差较大。FBG(FiberBraggGating,光纤Bragg光栅)和BOTDR(BrillouinOpticalTimeDomainReflectometry,布里渊光时域反射计)是近些年来发展比较快的光纤传感器,本文介绍了这两种光纤传感器,并着重从两者传感的基本原理、传感系统组成、温度补偿研究和性能优劣等方面进行了详细的比较,得出了各自作为结构监测传感器的优缺点,为今后的监测选用提供了依据,使应用两者时能够做到扬长避短。     

震后民用建筑重建质量监管机制研究

针对震后民用建筑重建质量监管缺失问题,从政府、社会、责任主体三维视角出发,构建了一套促进重建工程质量持续改进的监管机制,并分析该机制具有时空性、多维性、循环性三大特征。另外,为便于社会力量对震后民用建筑重建工程质量进行监督,构建了一套针对非专业人员的工程质量评价指标体系,并利用模糊综合评价法,通过实例验证了该指标体系的有效性。最后,提出了优化该质量监管机制的建议。     

Multiscale Factors Affecting Human Attitudes toward Snow Leopards and Wolves

The threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between them difficult. Effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local residents toward the target species. There are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores, but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. Because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different scales of social organization, but this scale dependence has not been examined. We used structured interview surveys to quantitatively assess the attitudes of a Buddhist pastoral community toward snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus). We interviewed 381 individuals from 24 villages within 6 study sites across the high‐elevation Spiti Valley in the Indian Trans‐Himalaya. We gathered information on key explanatory variables that together captured variation in individual and village‐level socioeconomic factors. We used hierarchical linear models to examine how the effect of these factors on human attitudes changed with the scale of analysis from the individual to the community. Factors significant at the individual level were gender, education, and age of the respondent (for wolves and snow leopards), number of income sources in the family (wolves), agricultural production, and large‐bodied livestock holdings (snow leopards). At the community level, the significant factors included the number of smaller‐bodied herded livestock killed by wolves and mean agricultural production (wolves) and village size and large livestock holdings (snow leopards). Our results show that scaling up from the individual to higher levels of social organization can highlight important factors that influence attitudes of people toward wildlife and toward formal conservation efforts in general. Such scale‐specific information can help managers apply conservation measures at appropriate scales. Our results reiterate the need for conflict management programs to be multipronged. Factores Multi‐Escala que Afectan las Actitudes Humanas hacia Leopardos de las Nieves y Lobos     

Providing health services during a civil war: the experience of a garrison town in South Sudan

The impact of conflict, particularly conflict arising during civil wars, on the provision of healthcare is a subject that has not been widely considered in conflict‐related research. Combatants often target health services to weaken or to defeat the enemy, while attempts to maintain or improve health systems also can comprise part of counter‐insurgency ‘hearts‐and‐minds’ strategies. This paper describes the dynamics associated with the provision of health services in Malakal, an important garrison town in South Sudan, during the second Sudanese civil war (1983–2005). Drawing on the concepts of opportunity hoarding and exploitation, it explores the social and political dynamics of service provision in and around the town during the war. These concepts provide a useful lens with which to understand better how health services are affected by conflict, while the empirical case study presented in the paper illustrates dynamics that may be repeated in other contexts. The concepts and case study set out in this paper should prove useful to healthcare providers working in conflict zones, including humanitarian aid agencies and their employees, increasing their understanding of the social and political dynamics that they are likely to face during future conflict‐related complex emergencies.     

民用机场消防指挥员决策能力分析

为研究民用机场消防指挥员决策能力,根据专家意见及相关规章、文件的规定,筛选出文化素质、身体素质、心理素质等18项影响机场消防指挥员决策能力的要素,并采用问卷调查的方式进行调研。运用SPSS 21.0对问卷进行信度分析、效度分析及因子分析,确定民用机场消防指挥员决策能力指标体系。根据该指标体系构建民用机场消防指挥员决策能力结构方程模型,运用Amos 17.0计算各变量的路径系数,进而得到各指标的权重,避免了人为打分方法确定权重的主观性。研究结果为分析民用机场消防指挥员决策能力提供更加准确、合理、可信的评价方法。     

New methods for the analysis of invasion processes: multi-criteria evaluation of the invasion of Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala

The study described in this article incorporates stakeholders' views on aquatic invasion processes and combines expert analysis with information from field work into an evaluation exercise. Management scenarios are designed based on available technical data and stakeholders' perceptions. These scenarios are evaluated using the Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation framework employing the NAIADE model. Two evaluations are carried out, technical and social. Social acceptance of different management scenarios, distribution of costs and benefits, and attribution of responsibility are discussed. The case study was carried out on Lake Izabal, a body of water connected to the Caribbean Sea in Northeastern Guatemala. In 2000, local fishermen reported the presence of an alien species in the lake, the macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Two years later, this alien species was established around the entire lakeshore, damaging the ecosystem, endangering native species and the subsistence of local inhabitants through impacts on transportation, fishing practices, and tourism.     

基于CDIO的民航安全工程课程体系研究

研究、对比了行业特色性和通用行业安全性两种现行安全工程课程体系的现状及存在的主要问题,提出了基于CDIO的民航安全工程课程体系,即C＂构思＂：以产业需求为导向从基本素质、技能、经验和意识4个方面设置了民航安全专业人才能力要求;D＂设计＂：设计了理论知识和技术、应用技能、实验实践和意识4大模块的课程体系,其中理论知识和技术模块采用2＋X＋1和模块化教学模式;I＂实施＂：从＂工程师＂模式教师团队培养、项目教学方法改革、教材建设同步产业需求、实验和实践环节建设等落实课程体系;O＂运行＂：通过多渠道获取反馈信息,进而评估、修订、完善课程体系的＂构思＂,实现民航安全工程课程体系系统管理、闭环管理、持续改进。该模式弥补了安全工程课程体系不是以＂工作能力需求＂为导向、课程体系与产业需求脱节和理论与实践无法有机结合等问题。     

基于层次分析和模糊评价的民航客机雷击风险管理

雷击作为严重威胁飞行安全的一个重要危险源,对其采取科学的手段进行评估,进而采取措施进行缓解,对提高民航的安全水平有着重要的意义。首先介绍了雷暴现象及其危害,并介绍了风险管理的基本概念。然后探讨了层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法在雷击风险管理中的应用。按照层次分析法和模糊评价法的基本过程对调查所得的数据进行了处理,得到了雷击事件的风险值,并给出了风险缓解措施。文章给出的方法对航空公司运行中的其它危险源同样有借鉴意义。     

水污染侵权中因果关系的认定

水污染侵权中的因果关系成立与否决定着民事责任的有无,对受害人的利益影响甚巨,关于因果关系的理论纷繁复杂,水污染侵权中的因果关系认定难度更大,试图在分析各种学说的基础上找到认定水污染侵权中因果关系的可行方法。     

土木工程专业人员在地震应急救援中的作用和参与机制

从我国地震应急救援志愿者队伍现状出发,剖析了我国应急救援存在的土木工程专业技术人员匮乏、志愿者普遍缺乏系统培训及队伍建设缺乏长效机制等主要问题。具体阐述了土木工程专业人员在地震应急救援中的专业优势,提出了建立土木工程专业人员参与地震应急救援长效机制,以填补当前土木工程专业性志愿救援队伍的空白,完善地震应急救援力量的社会参与体系,推动中国志愿者服务体系的健康快速发展。