Setting Realistic Recovery Targets for Two Interacting Endangered Species,Sea Otter and Northern Abalone

Failure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species‐centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator–prey interactions. Using simulation‐based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional‐response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short‐term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives. Definición de Metas de Recuperación Realistas para Dos Especies en Peligro Interactuantes, Enhydra lutris y Haliotis kamtschatkana     

试论地震预测预报的公关宣传策略

从社会科学的公共关系学和公关心理学理论并结合地震探索的实践上对地震预测预报问题进行了讨论。指出过去对该科学领域的评价与宣传报道有不尽完善之处。文中尝试给出了关于地震能否预测, 如何评价等敏感问题的公关宣传策略。     

A corporate approach to social monitoring and assessment for development in a fragile environment

The prevailing corporate trend regardingdevelopment of energy resources in the tropics emphasizesfinancial gain over long-term societal benefits. Somecorporations are beginning to find a competitive advantage linkedto proactive relations with host communities and adequateprotection of fragile ecosystems. Herein, we describe a casestudy where an international energy production company workedwith stakeholders to achieve social capital and sustainabledevelopment. The strategies aimed to strengthen local capacity toimprove social welfare and to ensure conservation and wise use ofbiodiversity. We provide examples, discuss lessons learned andmake recommendations for future development projects.     

Lake Elsinore disaster: The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

A case study of a flood which occurred at Lake Elsinore, California, February, 1980, focuses upon the assistance which the community received during both the flood and recovery periods. Relevant literature on disaster research is examined, including a model of disaster recovery, and the study places the events which occurred din Lake Elsinore within that recovery model. Implications for policy include the recommendation that decision-makers consider the pre-disaster growth of the community indecisions to support recovery assistance.     

From farming families to scavengers: a case study in the outskirts of Belém in the state of Pará

 In the middle of the 1970s, the introduction of large industrial and agricultural projects in Brazilian Amazonia created a situation of violence and loss of land used by farming families. In this context, the process of migration to the metropolitan region of Belém, which is principally in the interior of the state of Pará, was intensified. Excluded by the formal labor market, these families started to collect disposed material as scavengers. The material collected is found in landfills, streets, and open dumping areas. The main purpose of this research is to understand the social and environmental relations inherent in collection and recycling activities in the Amazon Region. Received: August 19, 2001 / Accepted: November 21, 2001     

华北平原东部全新世古年地表径流量的估算

利用以现代数据建立的年平均降水量、年平均温度与年平均地表径流深间的关系式和全新世古年降水量、古年温度的推测值估算了华北平原东部的全新世古年地表径流深,并将估算结果与已有的古水文数据作了对比。     

国外土地利用规划中各方利益协调的研究综述

土地利用规划是协调社会经济活动中各方利益冲突、保证土地资源可持续利用的必要手段，而市场调节与宏观调控、不同行政级别之间、土地发展权与公共利益这三对关系的协调是土地利用规期编制中协调各方利益的主要体现。本文通过大量文献综述．对国外土地利用规划中的协调市场调节与宏观调控、不同行政级别之间、土地发展权与公共利益的关系的研究进展进行了总结，以期为我国新一轮土地利用规划的修编提供积极的借鉴。     

Nature's impartiality, man's inhumanity: reflections on terrorism and world crisis in a context of historical disaster

This paper compares the terrorist outrages of 11 September 2001 in New York City and Washington to the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November 1755. Both events occurred, literally out of the blue, at critical junctures in history and both struck at the heart of large trading networks. Both affected public attitudes towards disaster as, not only did they cause unparalleled destruction, but they also represented symbolic victories of chaos over order, and of moral catastrophism over a benign view of human endeavour. The Lisbon earthquake led to a protracted debate on teleology, which has some parallels in the debate on technological values in modern society. It remains to be seen whether there will be parallels in the reconstruction and the ways in which major disasters are rationalised in the long term. But despite the differences between these two events--which are obviously very large as nearly 250 years of history separate them and they were the work of different sorts of forces--there are lessons to be learned from the comparison. One of these is that disaster can contribute to a perilous form of self absorption and cultural isolation.     

建设社会主义新农村的真实含义:生产关系和社会形态的创制

针对当前对建设社会主义新农村的各种看法，认为，这个建设过程不仅是一系列的方法创制，它的真实含义是一种生产关系和社会形态的创制，其直接针对是打破责任制以及各种权宜性或过渡性措施的局限，在城乡统筹的意义上谋求共同富裕。社会主义新农村是20世纪50年代以来社会主义理念在农村现代化建设方面的延续，更是社会主义自身创新的一个重要内容；这种既延续又改革的原创特性主要体现为，它的建设内容和可能途径始终是互为因果和互为表里的；新农村建设的创制必须依据社会主义原则，而新农村的建设成效将确证和充实着社会主义自身的创新发展。     

论环境规划与国民经济长期可持续发展的关系

随着中国对环境问题的不断深入,充分考虑环境承载力的影响对国乒。经济长期可持续发展进行科学规划显得愈加重要。从环境规划内涵、基本特征及内容、国民经济与可持续发展等相关概念开始,规范分析了环境规划与国民经济长期可持续发展的关系,并最终给出了基于环境规划角度国民经济长期可持续发展的实施途径。