Response of successive three generations of cotton,bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner),fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO_2

The growth,development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner),fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2(double-ambient vs.ambient)in open-top chambers were examined.Significant decreases in protein,total amino acid,water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls.Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth,development and food utilization of H.armigera.Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H.armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower relative growth rate,efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower potential female fecundity,larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations.The results show that elevated CO_2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality,which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO_2 atmosphere.     

青海三江源区植被退化对土壤养分和微生物区系的影响

采用化学分析法、微生物平皿分离计数和形态鉴定技术研究了青海三江源地区天然与退化植被下的土壤养分和微生物生态特征。结果表明,随着三江源地区天然草地植被退化,土壤有机质含量急剧下降,退化高山草甸土的有机质平均含量为14.85gkg-1,较天然高山草甸土的平均含量降低54.3%,较高山草原土和沼泽化草甸土分别降低74.5%和90.7%,其他养分含量也有不同程度的降低,土壤养分状况明显恶化.不同类型植被下土壤微生物区系特征变化显著,退化高山草甸土的细菌、真菌、放线菌(GA)平均数量分别为8.8×106、9.5×103、8.1×105cfug-1,较天然高山草甸土降低65.8%、46.6%、57.3%,较高山草原土降低37.1%、23.3%、62.6%,较沼泽化草甸土降低90.3%、48.1%、69.6%;退化草地土壤微生物组成较天然草地更为简单,退化高山草甸土的真菌种类数明显降低,土壤放线菌组成趋于简单化,其小单孢菌和其他菌属所占比例明显低于天然草地.三江源高寒湿地生态系统中土壤养分与微生物数量之间存在密切关系,土壤全磷对微生物数量影响最大.     

Assessment of risk from long term exposure to waterborne pathogens

Disease due to waterborne pathogens, whether in outbreak or endemic form, continues to be a problem in both the developing and the developed world. Control of waterborne disease requires accurate assessment of the pathogen dose-response relation and of likely patterns of exposure. Heretofore, risk assessment of pathogen exposure has been done on the basis of several standard biologically plausible dose-response models. In this paper, the problem of estimating the long-term risk from waterborne pathogens is put into a rigorous mathematical and statistical framework. The implications of the biologic assumptions embedded in the dose-response models (e.g., heterogeneity in susceptibility) are fully considered, as are the likely patterns of long-term exposure (e.g., temporal correlations within individuals and heterogeneity of mean exposures). Two types of long-term risk are described, risk per person-time and risk per individual where the latter is the risk of infection at least once. The effects on these risks of heterogeneity in individuals susceptibilities and mean exposures and of temporal correlations of exposures are described, both theoretically and empirically using a sample of experimental data sets. Because different models with equal plausibility may give very different results in the low-dose range but fit the experimental data equally well, we apply the model uncertainty algorithm of Buckland et al. (1997) on example data sets. Finally, the computational aspects of the general problem, which are often challenging, are discussed along with the conditions under which simplifying approximations may be utilized.     

A combination line transect and capture-recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys

We present a robust sampling methodology to estimate population size using line transect and capture-recapture procedures for aerial surveys. Aerial surveys usually underestimate population density due to animals being missed. A combination of capture-recapture and line transect sampling methods with multiple observers allows violation of the assumption that all animals on the centreline are sighted from the air. We illustrate our method with an example of inanimate objects which shows evidence of failure of the assumption that all objects on the centreline have probability 1 of being detected. A simulation study is implemented to evaluate the performance of three variations of the Lincoln-Petersen estimator: the overall estimator, the stratified estimator, and the general stratified estimator based on the combined likelihood proposed in this paper. The stratified Lincoln-Petersen estimator based on the combined likelihood is found to be generally superior to the other estimators.     

2-烯丙基苯酚的土壤微生物生态效应

研究了2-烯丙基苯酚对北京褐土土壤微生物活性的影响，结果表明：2-烯丙基苯酚在所设计的浓度下，对土壤呼吸作用、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性没有显著影响．对土壤放线菌数量没有影响；对真菌数量的影响表现为先刺激，后逐渐恢复；对细菌数量的影响则为先抑制，且随浓度增大抑制作用增强，后逐渐恢复稳定．     

长江中游农区洪涝灾害后鼠类数量动态

1998年至2001年在湖南安乡对洪灾后的啮齿动物数量进行了监测，并以正常区为对照；与此同时，也对曾遭受过洪灾的其它地区进行了对比调查．调查发现，虽然洪灾对啮齿动物的种群影响很大，但其数量回升速度较快，退水半年左右，种群数量就会超过未发生洪灾的相邻地区．主要原因是洪灾使害鼠的生态压力减少，如害鼠数量大幅减少，而食物相对丰富，栖息空间相对较大以及天敌的数量减少等，从而使残存鼠和迁入鼠的数量得以迅速回升．洪灾后鼠密度回升到很高的地区，即使进行大面积的化学防治降低鼠密度后，其回升速度也不同于正常地区，同样具有快速反弹的特征．图4表2参15     

我国农村流动人口犯罪控制论

目前,我国流动人口犯罪率居高不下,严重危及着社会的安定,已成为社会各界关注的热点和解决的难点问题.流动人口犯罪的主要表现特征为主体的复杂性,犯罪的团伙性、流窜性、侵财性等.相对剥夺论是流动人口犯罪一种可行的理论阐释,有助于深化我们对流动人口犯罪的理解.加强和完善政府职能是控制流动人口犯罪行之有效的应对措施.     

A Comparison of Landscapes Occupied by Increasing and Decreasing Populations of Grassland Birds

Abstract:  For several decades, many grassland bird species have been declining in abundance throughout the Midwest and Great Plains regions of the United States, possibly due to loss of natural grassland habitat and increasing urbanization. I used 20 years of data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to identify increasing, decreasing, and stable populations of 36 grassland-nesting bird species. I characterized the immediate landscape (circle with radius = 30 km) surrounding each population based on data from the National Resources Inventory. For each landscape, I calculated the proportion of eight different land-cover types: restored grassland, rangeland, cultivated cropland, pasture, noncultivated cropland, forest, urban land, and water. Using a null model, I compared landscape composition of increasing, decreasing, and stable populations. As predicted on the basis of the habitat preferences of grassland birds, increasing populations inhabited landscapes that contained significantly more restored grassland and rangeland but significantly less forest land and urban land than landscapes inhabited by decreasing populations. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cropland within the landscapes of increasing and decreasing populations, although cropland composed a large proportion (>30%) of many landscapes. In contrast, restored grassland typically composed a very small proportion (<3.5%) of total land cover, yet it was significantly more common in the landscapes of increasing than decreasing populations. These results suggest that grassland birds may benefit from government initiatives, such as the Conservation Reserve Program, that promote the restoration of grassland at a landscape scale.     

Study on the cytoplasmic incompatibility in some natural population of Culex pipiens complex in China and Japan

The cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Culex pipiens complex from China and Japan was studied. The results of the crossing experiments between 11 different strains suggest that some Japanese strains might be possible to be used for control Chinese strains by using male sterile technique, and the heavy infection of wolbachiae in mosquitoes may have some relations with the cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Cx. pipiens complex.     

图门江流域*人口变化对森林生态资源的影响

本文以近百年来图门江流域我国一侧的人口变化过程为主导因子,历史地分析了森林植被破坏以后,一系列生态资源所受到的影响,并以珍贵毛皮兽紫貂为例,定量地分析了珍贵生物资源在该流域濒临绝迹的原因及历程。