阿奇霉素和铜对活性污泥古菌群落和ARGs的胁迫影响及后效应

抗生素和重金属复合污染已成为环境领域的研究热点,而关于复合污染对活性污泥系统的生态效应研究聚焦于细菌群落,忽略了仍然发挥重要作用的古菌群落.通过选择阿奇霉素(azithromycin,AZM)和金属铜(Cu)为研究对象,ρ(铜)维持在环境浓度水平(1 mg·L-1),探究低温下不同ρ(AZM)(0.05～40 mg·L-1)对古菌群落、抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)及其交互作用的短期影响及其后效应.结果表明,随着AZM浓度增加,古菌多样性上升,丰富度下降,且在后效应期间有一定恢复;基于微生物全尺度分类发现不同浓度的AZM导致了微生物群落结构的改变,古菌群落结构分为3个组别,而后效应影响不明显;复合污染对丰富类群种群结构的影响大于稀有类群,其中条件稀有菌属(conditionally rare taxa,CRT)与整个古菌群落结构的变化一致;不同类型微生物中均存在抗性与恢复特性不同的特定菌属,对AZM和铜复合污染的响应不同,且丰富类群对复合污染的抗性明显高于稀有类群,其中甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷杆菌属(Methanaohacterium)和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)是优势的抗性菌属;通过预测分析共得到29种ARGs,且复合污染会引起ARGs的增殖,尤其是高浓度下,但是其对各ARGs亚型的影响存在差异;在胁迫效应和后效应的交互网络中,微生物间、ARGs间及两者之间多为共现模式,其中,条件丰富菌属(conditionally abundant taxa,CAT)是微生物交互网络中的关键菌属;而稀有菌属(rare taxa,RT)在胁迫效应中处于重要生态位;ARGs间的共现与互斥模式均存在;多种古菌属与ARGs呈现正相关,是其潜在古菌宿主,且甲烷短芽孢杆菌(Methanobrevibacter)和甲烷叶菌属(Methanaolobius)可能携带多种ARGs.综上,本研究可为污水处理系统抗生素与重金属复合污染的风险评价及ARGs的削减提供新的思路与理论依据.     

复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶老化图谱绘制方法

目的 研究高温硫化硅橡胶材料在户外不同环境因素作用下的老化规律与相应的老化图谱绘制方法。方法 通过静态接触角、邵氏硬度法测量硅橡胶老化前后的宏观特性,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面微观形貌变化,通过倒易法则、阿伦尼乌斯公式以及叠加法则构建紫外光和温度双因素老化模型,并结合人工与自然老化试验硬度测试结果,对比不同地点的加速因子,初步建立老化速率图谱绘制方法。结果 随着紫外老化以及热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的憎水性先增强、后逐渐变差,硅橡胶硬度以幂函数形式增加。SEM结果表明,硅橡胶表面发生降解。结合表面硬度特性可以较好地表征材料的老化状态,并用于老化图谱绘制,老化模型结果与自然试验结果一致。结论 硅橡胶老化图谱可以较好地预测各地不同环境下硅橡胶的老化状态,帮助电网制定运维策略,降低成本。     

历山山核桃群落物种多样性特征

采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Alatalo指数等5个多样性指数,结合TWINSPAN分类,研究历山自然保护区山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的物种多样性与群落类型、结构及环境因子的关系.结果表明:TWINSPAN分类将35个样方分为7个群丛,各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也存在差异,山核桃群落物种多样性受其所处的坡向、坡度、土壤类型等物理微环境及群落物种组成、干扰等共同影响.方差分析结果表明:各群丛间丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也差异不显著,这说明山核桃群落生境异质性小,物种对地带性气候有相似的适应特征以及相似的资源利用方式.     

基于深度学习技术的藻类智能监测系统开发

浮游藻类对水环境的变化非常敏感,是评价水环境质量的重要指示生物.传统的浮游藻类监测依靠人工采样分析,需要专业检测人员使用显微镜对藻细胞逐一鉴定并计数,耗时耗力且严重依赖检测人员的专业知识与鉴定经验,限制了浮游藻类监测工作的标准化推广和普及应用.利用神经网络模型建立了一套浮游藻类智能监测系统,该系统能够实现浮游藻类检测的...     

基于支持向量机的化工工艺安全评价模型构建及优化研究

为解决现阶段基于风险分级的安全评价方法仍存在着高维数据处理不当、评价智能化程度不高等问题,创建支持向量机的安全评价模型,利用核函数解决安全评价因子分类问题,粒子群算法(PSO)寻找最适合模型的正则项C,进一步提升安全评价模型的正确率,形成适用高维数据的化工工艺安全评价方法。研究结果表明：该模型与经典支持向量机模型和BP神经网络评价模型相比具有更高的正确率,研究结果对借用机器学习来创新安全评价理论及工程应用具有现实意义及理论价值。     

关于我国环保产业的定义及发展对策的思考

本文通过对当前提出的环保产业的定义和分类存在问题的分析,提出环保产业的新概念,并对其根据生命周期理论进行重新分类。在此基础上,指出对不同类型的环保产业,应采取不同的发展对策。     

Building spectral libraries for wetlands land cover classification and hyperspectral remote sensing

Recent advances in remote sensing provide opportunities to map plant species and vegetation within wetlands at management relevant scales and resolutions. Hyperspectral imagers, currently available on airborne platforms, provide increased spectral resolution over existing space-based sensors that can document detailed information on the distribution of vegetation community types, and sometimes species. Development of spectral libraries of wetland species is a key component needed to facilitate advanced analytical techniques to monitor wetlands. Canopy and leaf spectra at five sites in California, Texas, and Mississippi were sampled to create a common spectral library for mapping wetlands from remotely sensed data. An extensive library of spectra (n=1336) for coastal wetland communities, across a range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and disturbance conditions were measured. The wetland spectral libraries were used to classify and delineate vegetation at a separate location, the Pacheco Creek wetland in the Sacramento Delta, California, using a PROBE-1 airborne hyperspectral data set (5m pixel resolution, 128 bands). This study discusses sampling and collection methodologies for building libraries, and illustrates the potential of advanced sensors to map wetland composition. The importance of developing comprehensive wetland spectral libraries, across diverse ecosystems is highlighted. In tandem with improved analytical tools these libraries provide a physical basis for interpretation that is less subject to conditions of specific data sets. To facilitate a global approach to the application of hyperspectral imagers to mapping wetlands, we suggest that criteria for and compilation of wetland spectral libraries should proceed today in anticipation of the wider availability and eventual space-based deployment of advanced hyperspectral high spatial resolution sensors.     

浅析成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的试点经验

为实现成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理,本文通过对成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理试点区域的实地调研,分析了农村生活垃圾的组分,详细介绍了试点区域垃圾分类方式、收运流程、分类成效和保障措施等,提出一些农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的重要的实践经验。     

日本《废弃物处理法》对我国城市生活垃圾分类立法的启示

住房和城乡建设部发布《生活垃圾分类标志》新标准,城市生活垃圾分类工作逐步推进,但是仍然存在尚待完善之处。日本《废弃物处理法》是日本生活垃圾分类治理的立法依据,其成功经验颇值得借鉴。在总结《日本废弃物处理法》的立法概况和分析其城市生活垃圾分类立法特征的基础上,探讨我国城市生活垃圾分类立法现状,从立法目的与原则、城市生活垃圾分类标准、各主体的法律责任及惩罚措施4个维度提出具体优化路径。     

Grouping Lakes for Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring: The Roles of Regionalization and Spatial Scale

Regionalization frameworks cluster geographic data to create contiguous regions of similar climate, geology and hydrology by delineating land into discrete regions, such as ecoregions or watersheds, often at several spatial scales. Although most regionalization schemes were not originally designed for aquatic ecosystem classification or management, they are often used for such purposes, with surprisingly few explicit tests of the relative ability of different regionalization frameworks to group lakes for water quality monitoring and assessment. We examined which of 11 different lake grouping schemes at two spatial scales best captures the maximum amount of variation in water quality among regions for total nutrients, water clarity, chlorophyll, overall trophic state, and alkalinity in 479 lakes in Michigan (USA). We conducted analyses on two data sets: one that included all lakes and one that included only minimally disturbed lakes. Using hierarchical linear models that partitioned total variance into within-region and among-region components, we found that ecological drainage units and 8-digit hydrologic units most consistently captured among-region heterogeneity at their respective spatial scales using all lakes (variation among lake groups = 3% to 50% and 12% to 52%, respectively). However, regionalization schemes capture less among-region variance for minimally disturbed lakes. Diagnostics of spatial autocorrelation provided insight into the relative performance of regionalization frameworks but also demonstrated that region size is only partly responsible for capturing variation among lakes. These results suggest that regionalization schemes can provide useful frameworks for lake water quality assessment and monitoring but that we must identify the appropriate spatial scale for the questions being asked, the type of management applied, and the metrics being assessed.