Applying assessments of adaptive capacity to inform natural-resource management in a changing climate

Adaptive capacity (AC)—the ability of a species to cope with or accommodate climate change—is a critical determinant of species vulnerability. Using information on species’ AC in conservation planning is key to ensuring successful outcomes. We identified connections between a list of species’ attributes (e.g., traits, population metrics, and behaviors) that were recently proposed for assessing species’ AC and management actions that may enhance AC for species at risk of extinction. Management actions were identified based on evidence from the literature, a review of actions used in other climate adaptation guidance, and our collective experience in diverse fields of global-change ecology and climate adaptation. Selected management actions support the general AC pathways of persist in place or shift in space, in response to contemporary climate change. Some actions, such as genetic manipulations, can be used to directly alter the ability of species to cope with climate change, whereas other actions can indirectly enhance AC by addressing ecological or anthropogenic constraints on the expression of a species’ innate abilities to adapt. Ours is the first synthesis of potential management actions directly linked to AC. Focusing on AC attributes helps improve understanding of how and why aspects of climate are affecting organisms, as well as the mechanisms by which management interventions affect a species’ AC and climate change vulnerability. Adaptive-capacity-informed climate adaptation is needed to build connections among the causes of vulnerability, AC, and proposed management actions that can facilitate AC and reduce vulnerability in support of evolving conservation paradigms.     

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性与微生物群落及多样性对全球气候变化响应研究

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性被认为是决定陆地生态系统对全球变暖反馈作用的潜在重要机制,可能显著改变未来的气候变化趋势,然而,土壤微生物群落结构变化如何引起土壤微生物呼吸热适应性的研究目前尚存争议.该文针对气候变化对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究,梳理了当前对土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性是否存在的争议和不同观点与结论,综述了气候变化对土...     

Climate resilience,yield and geographical suitability of sweet potato under the changing climate: A review

Sweet potato is one of the important tropical tuber crops across the world. This review analyzes the studies on the climate resilience of sweet potato to various environmental parameters, the impact of climate change on its yield, and geographical suitability to exploit more about this crop and find out the knowledge gap in its existing research. Drought tolerance studies indicate the suitability of sweet potato in drought-prone areas in terms of their survival rate, and their leaves can tolerate up to a wilting point of −1.3 MPa. The optimum night and daytime temperatures for sweet potato are 18°C and 28°C. There are 82 crop varieties available globally with heat-stress tolerance without compromising the yield. The elevated atmospheric CO₂ enhanced the growth and yield of sweet potato and increased the water use efficiency. The salinity tolerance of sweet potato is observed as 11 dS m⁻¹, and it is superior to other major food crops. Sweet potato's ozone tolerance is higher than other crops (59 ppb). The impact studies on crop yield and geographical suitability also recommend its superiority to other major food crops with similar crop duration. As an outcome of this study, further research is needed to explore this crop as sweet potato can substitute for major food grain crops in developing countries regarding food, feed, medicine, and fuel. Research on value-added products and their marketing is another area that needs immediate attention. Studies must exploit sweet potato leaves to ensure nutritional security in developing countries. The researchers also need to focus on developing climate-resilient varieties to ensure a continuous supply of planting materials to needy people to ensure food security. This review also demands more studies on the modeling of sweet potato worldwide to issue crop yield forecasts and monitor the spatial distribution of its major pests worldwide.     

中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及影响因素分析

城市建成区绿地建设有利于改善城市环境,提高人居适宜度,优化城市生态系统服务功能。基于2002—2018年建成区绿化覆盖率及影响因子数据分析了中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及其主要影响因素,结果表明,(1)中国建成区绿化覆盖率在2018年达到了41.11%,相比2002年增加了11.36%,2018年绿化覆盖率达到了35.0%以上的城市占全国城市的93.55%。(2)中国建成区绿化覆盖率存在明显的区域差异。按照华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区划分中国城市区域,华东地区的城市建成区绿化覆盖率最高,中南地区次之,其余四个地区为华北地区>东北地区>西北地区>西南地区;各地区建成区绿化覆盖率随时间发生显著变化(P<0.05),华北地区绿化覆盖率发生显著变化的城市占比最高达94.60%,中南地区最低为65.88%。(3)建成区绿化覆盖率与城市化指标(地区生产总值GDP、地区人均生产总值PGDP、绿化投入LP、建成区面积BUA、城区面积百分比UAP、建成区面积百分比BUAP、总人口TP、城市人口密度UPD、城区人口UP、建成区人口BUP、城区人口百分比UPP、建成区人口百分比BUPP)和气候因子(年平均温度YT、年平均湿度YH和年降雨量YW)均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中PGDP、LI、BUAP、UAP、UPD、BUPP和YT、YW、YH是影响建成区绿化覆盖率的最主要因子。本研究结果可为中国未来城市绿地建设均衡发展提供重要的理论参考依据。     

近50年湘江流域干湿气候变化若干特点

采用M-K突变、小波分析、空间变异系数、经验正交函数分解法（EOF）和旋转经验正交函数分解法（REOF）等方法,对近48年来湘江流域40个测站干湿指数（Z指数）进行了分析。研究表明：湘江流域1960年代前期和1980年代为干旱期,1990年代为湿润期。1980年代末有向湿润转变趋势,2003年后又开始向干旱转变。湘江流域干湿的年际变化较小,降水相对稳定,存在3年、6年和10年和21年4个特征时间尺度,且未来几年湘江流域将仍处于干旱期。湘江流域干湿变化具有很好的主体一致性,依据空间异常类型可分为南部、中部、北部和西南部4个区域。     

气候变化对内蒙古牧区白灾的影响——基于熵权法分析的锡林浩特市案例研究

锡林浩特位于内蒙古牧区锡林郭勒盟中东部，由于自然条件和社会因素，其畜牧业发展受白灾影响较大，所以在全球变暖的大环境下，研究气候变化对锡林浩特白灾的影响是很有必要的。基于对研究区近几十年内发生的白灾事件的分析，选取了6个评价白灾的气候指标：冬季降水量、积雪持续时间、低温容易掉膘期的负积温、5日温差≥12℃日数、积雪期大风日数和牧草生长季降水量，并利用国家气候中心提供的地面气象资料月报和锡林浩特牧试站数据，计算了这6个因子的长期变化趋势，表明冬季降水和低温容易掉膘期的负积温有增加的趋势，同时积雪期大风日数有减小趋势。文章还引入熵权法，计算了各因子对白灾影响的重要性程度，从而建立了综合评价方法，用以分析白灾随气候变化的变化规律。结果表明，在现有气候变化条件下，白灾有减轻的趋势。     

延安地区明代、清代干旱灾害与气候变化对比研究

根据延安地区历史时期旱灾资料,研究了该地区明清旱灾差异和气候的不同。结果表明,延安地区明代(1368-1643年)276年内,共发生旱灾115次,平均每2.4年发生1次;其中轻度旱灾17次,中度旱灾52次,大旱灾34次,特大旱灾12次。清代(1644-1912年)的269年里,共发生旱灾35次,平均7.7年发生1次;其中轻度旱灾6次,中度旱灾25次,大旱灾3次,特大旱灾1次。延安地区明清旱灾差异显著,明代旱灾频次是清代的3.2倍;明代旱灾等级比清代高,前者大旱灾与特大旱灾占旱灾总数的40%,后者的仅占11.6%。明代干旱气候事件频繁,清代干旱气候事件少见。延安地区明代旱灾发生频繁和等级高的原因是当时气候变干和干旱气候事件频繁出现引起的,说明明代是气候较为干旱的时期。延安地区清代旱灾频次低和等级低是当时降水量较多的结果,说明清代是较湿润的时期。明代和清代大旱灾发生时的年均降水量为440mm左右,特大旱灾发生时的年均降水量为360mm左右。     

Complementing institutional with localised strategies for climate change adaptation: a South-North comparison

Climate change and disasters pose a serious risk to sustainable development. In the South, local coping strategies are an important element of adaptation to climate and disaster risk. Such strategies have emerged because of the limited assistance provided by urban actors and associated social security and governance systems. In the North, in contrast, local coping strategies are comparatively poorly developed. However, the extent of the changing climatic conditions is also reducing the capacity of Northern institutions to deal with climatic extremes and variability, which emphasises the need for more local-level engagement in the North. This paper analyses the differences in local and institutional responses to climate change and disasters in a Southern and a Northern city (San Salvador, El Salvador, and Manchester, United Kingdom, respectively), and highlights how the lessons learned might be translated into an improved distributed governance system; that is, an 'integrated engagement model', where local and institutionalised responses support rather than hinder each other, as is currently the case.     

三论灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征

综合灾害防御能力评估已成为应急管理业务和研究的重要内容之一.在前期研究基础上,首先从近年来灾害系统的复杂性特征和应急管理的需求角度出发,对综合灾害防御能力进行了再理解,然后对现有灾害防御能力的多属性综合评估方法进行了梳理总结.以气象灾害为例,通过68项指标构建了我国综合气象灾害防御能力的6个单项指标体系,即制度适应能力...