纳米颗粒暴露评价研究综述

对国外最新的人造纳米颗粒的暴露评价方法和研究结果进行综述,旨在为我国今后工作现场的职业卫生暴露评价提供指导。检索和查阅2000—2010年发表的涉及纳米颗粒暴露评价的同行评审期刊的英文文献和报告,并对暴露评价设备和方法进行比较和分析,归纳描述部分研究结果,总结纳米颗粒暴露评价的特殊性和挑战,探讨解决这些问题的关键步骤。最后,提出今后在职业现场开展纳米暴露评价的2个可行的方法。     

成都地区移动通信基站电磁辐射影响与水平

通过对成都地区典型移动通信基站的电磁环境监测,分析了移动通信基站的电磁环境规律及程度,明确其产生电磁环境影响在10-2W/m2等级,满足国标公众照射限值0.4W/m2的要求,并提出移动通信基站选址需要考虑的问题。     

China-PEARL和PRZM-GW模型潍坊市场景农药地下水风险评估研究

农药地下水暴露模型China-PEARL已开始在我国农药地下水风险评估中应用。本文利用China-PEARL潍坊市场景数据,为PRZM-GW构建了潍坊市场景。在潍坊市场景下,利用2个模型计算了56种农药在5种作物上共计145种施用方式下的预测环境浓度（PEC）值,利用商值法（RQ）进行风险评估。结果显示有8种农药共13种施用方式在潍坊市场景下存在不可接受的地下水风险。其中,2个模型均显示有不可接受风险的农药是多菌灵和氟磺胺草醚。2个模型PEC值比较结果显示,PRZM-GW的农药风险评估趋势与China-PEARL一致性高,从而验证了China-PEARL的可信性。模型PEC值影响因素分析显示,土壤有机碳分配系数（Koc）对2个模型输出影响最大,可将Koc〉400L·kg^-1作为判断某种农药预测浓度〈0.1μg·L^-1经验性指标。2个模型的PEC值和土壤好氧半衰期的对数呈线性关系,当土壤好氧半衰期〉10d时,模型的PEC值随土壤好氧半衰期的增大而迅速增高。水解半衰期为PRZM-GW模型输入项,决定了PRZM-GW模型模拟的农药浓度随年变化趋势。水中溶解度是China-PEARL的输入项,但对模型PEC值影响很小。     

Statistical analyses of coastal water quality for a port and harbour region in India

A long-term study of temperature, pH, turbidity, suspended solid, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen has been performed in a port and harbour region in India for four years from December 1996 to November 2000. Marine water quality results showed no regular trend. The mean monthly values of temperature, pH, turbidity, suspended solid, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen were in the range of 22.64 ± 0.4 to 29.05 ± 1.37 °C; 7.65 ± 0.04 to 7.81 ± 0.13; 28.8 ± 14.7 to 64.2 ± 32.0 NTU; 283.5 ± 81.8 to 356.0 ± 159.7 mg/L; 29.78 ± 7.18 to 29.78 ± 1.04 ppt; 4.67 ± 0.50 to 6.01 ± 1.02 mg/L; 5.41 ± 1.92 to 7.56 ± 2.1 mg/L; and 0.25 ± 0.07 to 0.63 ± 0.49 mg/L, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was inversely correlated dissolved oxygen (DO) and poorly correlated with all other parameters. Turbidity and suspended solid were moderately correlated with each other while salinity was moderately correlated with other water quality parameters. In factor analysis, four factors were drawn out of the eight variables, which represented 74% of the variance of the original data. Factor I was related to suspended solid and turbidity. Factor II represented mainly temperature and DO showing inverse relation between these two. Factor III implied the degree of pollution at any monitoring station. Factor IV included pH and salinity. It could be concluded that the factor model represented almost all the variables.     

Assessment and prediction of exposure to benzene of filling station employees

In the present study, the exposure to benzene of employees working in two filling stations (one urban and one rural) was estimated, through the method of passive sampling. Additional data (30′ measurements of benzene exposure through active sampling to employees dealing with different activities, meteorological and traffic data) were collected. The measurements campaign was performed in both summer and wintertime to determine the seasonal variation of the exposure pattern.In addition, a set of artificial neural networks (ANNs) was developed to predict benzene exposure pattern for the filling station employees based on active sampling data and the parameters related to the employees’ exposure. The quantification of the contribution of each parameter to the overall exposure pattern was also attempted.The results showed that although vapour recovery technologies are installed in the refuelling systems and benzene emissions are significantly reduced compared to the past, filling station employees are still highly exposed to benzene (52–15 μg m⁻³). Benzene exposure is strongly correlated to car refuelling (exposure levels up to 85 μg m⁻³), while activities like car washing or working in cash machine inside an office contribute to lower exposure levels (up to 44 and 24 μg m⁻³ respectively). In rural filling station, exposure levels were in general lower compared to the urban ones, due to the smaller amount of gasoline that was traded and the absence of any significant traffic effect or urban background concentration. The developed ANN seemed to be a promising technique in the prediction of the exposure pattern giving very good results, and the quantification of the parameters affirmed the importance of the refueling procedure to the exposure levels.     

Environmental ozone exposure and oxidative DNA damage in adult residents of Florence, Italy

In 71 adults residing in Florence, Italy, enrolled in a prospective study, we investigated the correlation between individual levels of oxidative DNA damage detected by the Comet assay in circulating lymphocytes, and a specific ozone exposure score calculated in 10 different time-windows (0-5 to 0-90 days) before blood drawing, based on daily measurements provided by the local environmental monitoring system.Overall, statistically significant positive correlations between average ozone concentrations and DNA damage emerged in almost all time-windows considered; correlations were more evident among males, non-smokers, and traffic-exposed workers. Multivariate regression analyses taking into account selected individual characteristics, showed an independent effect on DNA damage of average ozone concentrations in the last 60-90 days before blood drawing. Local residents showed a divergent pattern with correlations restricted to shorter time-windows.Our results suggest that ozone concentrations at ground levels modulate oxidative DNA damage in circulating lymphocytes of residents of polluted areas.     

焦化厂区空气中SO2和颗粒物的分布及暴露评价研究

对中国山西的土焦炉、热回收焦炉、机焦炉炉顶及周围环境进行采样监测,大型机焦炉颗粒物单位排放浓度高于土焦炉和热回收焦炉,同时超过《炼焦炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 16171-1996)中国家二级标准限值3.5 mg/m3.机焦炉炉顶在出焦环节超过国家污染物排放标准的5倍.在此种污染物暴露的环境下长期工作生活,对人的健康会造成很大的危害.因此看出全国焦化行业存在着污染物排放治理问题、环保设备更新应用问题以及焦化工人的身体健康问题.     

长三角地区春季臭氧污染特征及其对冬小麦产量的影响

春季是长三角地区对流层O₃污染的高峰期之一,高浓度的O₃暴露会影响冬小麦生长导致减产.利用长三角地区各城市2014年春季逐时ρ（O₃）观测数据,研究了长三角地区春季O₃污染特征,并结合O₃暴露指数（M7指数和AOT40指数）和剂量-响应关系模型,详细评估了长三角地区O₃污染对冬小麦产量的影响.结果表明:长三角地区春季ρ（O₃）空间上总体呈南低北高的分布,长三角地区北部江苏和上海的ρ（O₃）明显高于南部的浙江地区,在浙江北部、江苏和上海等地区,整个春季日最大8 h ρ（O₃）平均值超过107 μg/m3,最高值出现在5月,超过128 μg/m3;一半以上的城市ρ（O₃）超标[超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》中8 h滑动平均ρ（O₃）的二级标准限值（160 μg/m3）]日数在10 d以上,其中南京和扬州超标日数最多,分别为27和20 d;相应地,O₃暴露指数也呈南低北高的分布,其中苏北地区O₃暴露指数最高,导致长三角地区平均冬小麦相对损失达5.7%（M7）~25.5%（AOT40）,造成的产量损失为7.85×105 t（M7）~4.49×106 t（AOT40）,其中,苏北地区为5.8%（M7）~25.9%（AOT40）,造成的产量损失为6.77×105 t（M7）~3.86×106 t（AOT40）,占长三角地区冬小麦产量损失的86%以上.研究显示,当前长三角地区O₃污染及其对冬小麦产量的影响已相当严重,特别是对苏北地区,而苏北地区是我国重要的冬小麦产地之一,因此,应当科学有效地治理O₃污染以缓解粮食安全问题.      

广东沿海沉积物重金属含量及风险评价

通过收集大量监测资料,研究广东省沿海沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价.基于社会、经济、自然等方面,分析广东省沿海沉积物重金属的主要影响因素.结果表明,珠江口海域沉积物中重金属含量高于粤东、粤西区域,其中Cu（106.98±70.69μg/g）、Pb含量（65.74±65.03μg/g）分别以广州、深圳最高,Zn（250.25±55.01μg/g）、Cd（1.48±0.30μg/g）、Cr（96.48±9.79μg/g）、As（17.30±14.00μg/g）含量均为中山最高.Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果显示,广东沿海各单项指数（0.528±0.377~2.107±3.665）及综合指数（7.135±7.880）均处于"低等"水平.单因素生态风险评价结果为：Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > As > Cr,而生态风险综合指数则表现为：珠江口（12.131） > 粤东（5.488） > 粤西（4.1560）.沿海沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr之间均具显著正相关性（P<0.05）,说明各重金属污染来源相近,具有同源性;部分重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn）含量与TOC显著正相关（P<0.05）,而部分重金属（Cu、Cr、Cd）含量与pH值显著负相关（P<0.05）.     

滨海城市气溶胶中颗粒态汞的分布特征

与气溶胶颗粒相结合的汞,即颗粒态汞,不仅对人体健康及生态环境产生一定的危害,而且在汞的生物地球化学过程扮演重要角色.以我国东南滨海城市厦门市为研究对象,采集郊区、居民区、旅游区、工业区和背景区四季(2008年10月～2009年8月)的PM2.5、PM10和TSP样品,基于塞曼原子吸收法的俄罗斯LumexRA-915+汞分析仪对大气不同粒径颗粒物中颗粒态汞进行了测试.结果表明,厦门市大气不同粒径颗粒物中汞的含量均表现为冬、春两季的浓度明显高于夏、秋两季;春、夏、秋、冬四季细颗粒物(PM2.5)中的含量分别为(51.46±19.28)、(42.41±12.74)、(38.38±6.08)和(127.23±33.70)pg/m3.不同粒径颗粒物中汞主要分布在PM2.5中,占到颗粒物态汞的42.48%～67.87%,表明细粒子富集汞的能力较强.不同功能区颗粒态汞的浓度分布趋势为背景区居民区旅游区工业区郊区,说明颗粒态汞浓度的空间分布特征与采样点的环境功能密切相关.总体而言,滨海城市大气颗粒态汞含量较低;PM2.5对颗粒态汞的富集明显高于PM10和TSP,表明对颗粒态汞的控制应集中在细颗粒物污染上.