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961.
We used Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate whether acute exposure to TiO2-NPs at the concentration of 20 μg L−1 reflecting predicted environmental relevant concentration and 25 mg L−1 reflecting concentration in food can cause toxicity on nematodes with mutations of susceptible genes. Among examined mutants associated with oxidative stress and stress response, we found that genes of sod-2, sod-3, mtl-2, and hsp-16.48 might be susceptible for TiO2-NPs toxicity. Mutations of these genes altered functions of both possible primary and secondary targeted organs in nematodes exposed to 25 mg L−1 of TiO2-NPs for 24-h. Mutations of these genes caused similar expression patterns of genes required for oxidative stress in TiO2-NPs exposed mutant nematodes, implying their similar mechanisms to form the susceptible property. Nevertheless, acute exposure to 20 μg L−1 of TiO2-NPs for 24-h and 25 mg L−1 of TiO2-NPs for 0.48-h or 5.71-h did not influence functions of both possible primary and secondary targeted organs in sod-2, sod-3, mtl-2, and hsp-16.48 mutants. Therefore, our results suggest the relatively safe property of acute exposure to TiO2-NPs with certain durations at predicted environmental relevant concentrations or concentrations comparable to those in food in nematodes with mutations of some susceptible genes. 相似文献
962.
Fabrizio Giannandrea Loredana Gandini Donatella Paoli Roberta Turci Irene Figà-Talamanca 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):780-787
The incidence of testicular cancer (TC) has been increasing worldwide during the last decades. The reasons of the increase remains unknown, but recent findings suggest that organochlorine pesticides (OPs) could influence the development of TC. A hospital-based case-control study of 50 cases and 48 controls was conducted to determine whether environmental exposure to OPs is associated with the risk of TC, and by measuring serum concentrations of OPs, including p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) isomer and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in participants. A significant association was observed between TC and household insecticide use (odds ratio [OR] = 3.01, 95 % CI: 1.11-8.14; ORadjusted = 3.23, 95 % CI: 1.15-9.11). Crude and adjusted ORs for TC were also significantly associated with higher serum concentrations of total OPs (OR = 3.15, 95 % CI: 1.00-9.91; ORadjusted = 3.34, 95 % CI: 1.09-10.17) in cases compared with controls. These findings give additional support to the results of previous research that suggest that some environmental exposures to OPs may be implicated in the pathogenesis of TC. 相似文献
963.
Mohd Rafee B. Baharuddin Ismail B. Sahid Mohamad Azhar B. Mohd. Noor Norela Sulaiman Fadzil Othman 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):600-607
A cross-section analytical study was conducted to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure to those applying the Class II pesticides 2,4-D and paraquat in the paddy-growing areas of Kerian, Perak, Malaysia. It investigated the influence of weather on exposure as well as documented health problems commonly related to pesticide exposure. Potential inhalation and dermal exposure for 140 paddy farmers (handlers of pesticides) were assessed. Results showed that while temperature and humidity affected exposure, windspeed had the strongest impact on pesticide exposure via inhalation. However, the degree of exposure to both herbicides via inhalation was below the permissible exposure limits set by United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) readings showed that dermal exposure with manual spraying ranged from moderate to high. With motorized sprayers, however, the level of dermal exposure ranged from low to moderate. Dermal exposure was significantly negatively correlated with the usage of protective clothing. Various types of deleterious health effects were detected among users of manual knapsack sprayers. Long-term spraying activities were positively correlated with increasing levels of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver enzyme. The type of spraying equipment, usage of proper protective clothing and adherence to correct spraying practices were found to be the most important factors influencing the degree of pesticide exposure among those applying pesticides. 相似文献
964.
José Luis Gama-Flores S. S. S. Sarma S. Nandini 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):86-93
Cohort life table experiments were conducted on M. macrocopa using copper at three nominal concentrations (as CuSO4, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg L? 1, in addition to controls) for different periods of exposure (3 to 24 h). Age-specific survivorship of M. macrocopa decreased in relation to age of the cohort, concentration and duration of exposure to copper. Age-specific life expectancy curves also decreased with increasing age of the cohort. However, at low copper levels and shorter exposure time, there was an increase in life expectancy when the cohort was about 10 day old. Fecundity (m x ) was nearly regular in controls; however, at higher copper levels and longer duration of exposure, the offspring production was more oscillating. The offspring production completely ceased when continuously exposed to CuSO4 at 0.4 mg L? 1. Most of the measured demography variables significantly decreased with increasing concentration of Cu in the medium. The average lifespan and life expectancy at birth varied 2.9 to 9.6 and 2.4 to 9.1 days, respectively. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) varied from 31 to 89 offspring female? 1 lifespan? 1, while the survival-weighted net reproductive rates were nearly one-third of the GRR. Generation time of M. macrocopa varied from 5 to 7 days while the rate of population increase ranged from 0.36 to 0.84 per day. The results are discussed in relation to the sensitivity of M. macrocopa to copper toxicity and the necessity of amending the national water quality criteria in Mexico. 相似文献
965.
R.C. Gupta S.K. Dave M.P. Shah S.K. Kashyap 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):405-416
Abstract Monitoring observations made on 60 operators involved in pesticide application work in godowns and warehouses and 60 matched control workers are reported. Occupational exposure history and medical history are noted. Biochemical investigations, plasma and RBC cholinesterase estimations are included along with medical examination of the workers. Workers were found to be mostly exposed to Celphos, DDVP, Malathion, Pyrethrum, etc, and the use of protective devices were very limited. Cases of significant reduction in plasma and RBC cholinesterase activity were found. Frequency of symptoms like dizziness, headache, lachrymation, burning sensation in eyes, nausea and anorexia, etc, were much more in the exposed workers. No cases of clinical poisoning attributable to occupational exposure to pesticides were reported by the workers. 相似文献
966.
Heavy Metal Monitoring Using Bivalved Shellfish from Zhejiang Coastal Waters, East China Sea 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The interest of culturing bivalved shellfish (including mussels, clams, oysters etc.), has increased in recent years, but
the consumption has been hampered both by high levels of heavy metals and toxic algae. The levels of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Pb, Zn, Cu and As) were determined in soft tissues of different shellfish from Zhejiang coastal waters, East China Sea. The
average concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed exhibited the following decreasing order: Zn > Cu > As > Cd > Pb > Hg.
Comparison of heavy metals concentrations among species indicated that Bivalves clearly have significant potential as useful
bioindicators; however, the results indicated that no one species is universally suitable, as is true of any organism used
in these studies. The distribution of the metals was also investigated along the Zhejiang coast, which the results showed
the mean concentration of Hg and Cd detected did not vary greatly and presented a similar spatial pattern at different sampling
stations, the concentrations of Zn and Pb were highly variable at different sampling sites. The amounts of heavy metals in
soft tissue of shellfish were also compared with those from the related species from other seas in China and world marine
waters. The results suggested that the coastal area might be considered relatively unpolluted with heavy metals and the concentrations
of metals in shellfish also below the seafood safety limits for human consumption. 相似文献
967.
Bytnerowicz A Arbaugh M Schilling S Fraczek W Alexander D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):398-408
In the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, ozone (O(3)) concentrations have been elevated since the 1950s with peaks reaching 600ppb and summer seasonal averages >100ppb in the 1970s. During that period increased mortality of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines occurred. Between the late 1970s and late1990s, O(3) concentrations decreased with peaks approximately 180ppb and approximately 60ppb seasonal averages. However, since the late 1990s concentrations have not changed. Monitoring during summers of 2002-2006 showed that O(3) concentrations (2-week averages) for individual years were much higher in western sites (58-69ppb) than eastern sites (44-50ppb). Potential O(3) phytotoxicity measured as various exposure indices was very high, reaching SUM00 - 173.5ppmh, SUM60 - 112.7ppmh, W126 - 98.3ppmh, and AOT40 - 75ppmh, representing the highest values reported for mountain areas in North America and Europe. 相似文献
968.
Measuring revealed and emergent vulnerabilities of coastal communities to tsunami in Sri Lanka 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This paper presents the important findings of a study undertaken in two selected tsunami-affected coastal cities in Sri Lanka (Batticaloa and Galle) to measure the revealed and emergent vulnerability of coastal communities. International risk studies have failed to demonstrate the high vulnerability of coastal communities to tsunami in Sri Lanka. Therefore, indirect assessment tools to measure pre-event vulnerability have to be complemented by assessment tools that analyse revealed and emergent vulnerability in looking at the aftermath and impact patterns of a real scenario, as well as in examining the dynamics of disaster recovery in which different vulnerabilities can be identified. The paper first presents a conceptual framework for capturing vulnerability within a process-oriented approach linked to sustainable development. Next, it highlights selected indicators and methods to measure revealed and emergent vulnerability at the local level using the examples of Batticaloa and Galle. Finally, it discusses the usefulness and application of vulnerability indicators within the framework of reconstruction. 相似文献
969.
Oliver R. Price Richard J. Williams Roger van Egmond 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):356-5942
Current regulatory environmental exposure assessments for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), used in a range of personal care products, are based on a number of erroneous assumptions. Using an estimated D5 flux to waste water of 11.6 mg cap−1 d−1, a 95.2% removal rate in Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and a dilution factor of 10 results in modelled surface water concentrations that are up to an order of magnitude higher than concentrations observed downstream of STPs in two UK rivers. A GIS-based water quality model (LF2000-WQX) was used to predict concentrations of D5 in two UK rivers. Assuming the STP removal rate is reasonable, a waste water flux of 2.4 mg cap−1 d−1 is needed in order to obtain a reasonable match between predicted and observed in-river concentrations. This flux is consistent with measured effluent concentrations. The results highlight major uncertainties in estimating chemical emission rates for volatile chemicals used in personal care products and suggest that measured concentrations in waste water are needed to refine exposure assessments. 相似文献
970.