浅谈组建综合林业行政执法队伍的有关设想

现行的林业行政执法体制有许多弊端,组建综合林业行政执法机构,成立综合执法队伍,统一林业执法权有其理论根据、法律依据和现实依据,这样整合了林业执法力量,加大了打击破坏森林资源违法犯罪活动的力度,还便于林业绿色事业的管理与发展,并对综合林业执法提出了一些具体设想.     

Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland

Nitrogen deposition has dramatically altered biodiversity and ecosystem functioning on the earth; however, its effects on soil bacterial community and the underlying mechanisms of these effects have not been thoroughly examined. Changes in ecosystems caused by nitrogen deposition have traditionally been attributed to increased nitrogen content. In fact, nitrogen deposition not only leads to increased soil total N content, but also changes in the NH₄⁺-N content, NO₃^--N content and pH, as well as changes in the heterogeneity of the four indexes. The soil indexes for these four factors, their heterogeneity and even the plant community might be routes through which nitrogen deposition alters the bacterial community. Here, we describe a 6-year nitrogen addition experiment conducted in a typical steppe ecosystem to investigate the ecological mechanism by which nitrogen deposition alters bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. We found that various characteristics of the bacterial community were explained by different environmental factors. Nitrogen deposition decreased bacterial abundance that is positively related to soil pH value. In addition, nitrogen addition decreased bacterial diversity, which is negatively related to soil total N content and positively related to soil NO₃^--N heterogeneity. Finally, nitrogen addition altered bacterial composition that is significantly related to soil NH₄⁺-N content. Although nitrogen deposition significantly altered plant biomass, diversity and composition, these characteristics of plant community did not have a significant impact on processes of nitrogen deposition that led to alterations in bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. Therefore, more sensitive molecular technologies should be adopted to detect the subtle shifts of microbial community structure induced by the changes of plant community upon nitrogen deposition.     

退耕还林还草对土地利用变化影响程度研究——以延安生态建设示范区为例

文章在分析延安生态建设示范区2000-2003年间各土地利用类型的数量变化和空间特征的基础上,引入退耕指数、退耕影响系数等指标研究退耕还林草对示范区土地利用结构变化的影响。结果显示,示范区已退耕坡耕地36.07%,平均每年退耕12.02%,全区的退耕影响系数高达4.76,该结果表明大规模的退耕还林草活动对区域土地利用变化的影响很大,它推动了土地利用结构的优化。分乡镇的研究显示,退耕对示范区各乡镇土地利用变化的影响存在一定的差异,除2个乡镇的退耕影响系数远远低于全区平均水平外,其他7个乡镇都高于全区平均水平。     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

Alterations in microbial community during the remediation of a black-odorous stream by acclimated composite microorganisms

Microbial application is an efficient, economical, and ecofriendly method for remediating black-odorous rivers. In this study, the field treatment effect and microbial community changes were monitored during remediation by the acclimated complex microorganisms of a typical black-odorous stream. After the treatment, the total phosphorus and ammonia contents decreased by 74.0% and 76.3% and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased from 1.65 to 4.90 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of the acclimated composite microorganisms. The proportion of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 48.1% and that of Firmicutes increased by 2.23% on average, and the microbial diversity index first increased and then tended to be uniform. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential together determined the composition of the microbial communities (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the acclimated composite microorganisms can effectively remediate the black odor.     

基于Miseq的好氧反硝化菌源水脱氮的种群演变

为了研究好氧反硝化菌源水脱氮过程中水体微生物群落的演变,利用Miseq高通量测序法对投菌和对照两系统水体样本的微生物信息进行统计,并对两组样品进行了优化序列统计,OTU分布统计和分类学分析的基础分析;以及细菌群落结构,PCA,Rank-Abundance,Hcluster,Specaccum和OTU分布的高级分析.结果显示,投加贫营养好氧反硝化菌的源水系统的氮素得到有效去除,脱氮效果明显;层次聚类和主成分分析显示两系统内的群落结构发生变化,投菌系统与对照系统主要表现为变形菌和拟杆菌门;细菌主要门类和水质参数的相关性分析得出,水质指标对两系统群落变化作用明显;与此同时,投菌系统中有关氮循环的细菌有上升的变化过程. Miseq高通量测序研究源水脱氮过程的微生物种群演变可行,为研究原位生物脱氮过程的水体微生物群落演变提供技术支撑.     

赣江南昌段丰水期细菌群落特征

细菌群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了赣江南昌段丰水期（4～8月）细菌群落特征.结果表明,赣江南昌段细菌优势类群为放线菌门（Actinobacteria, 41.18%）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria, 31.79%）,其次为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes, 10.04%）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes, 7.26%）,蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria, 4.01%）.在属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是hgcI_clade（16.39%）.赣江南昌段细菌丰度和多样性在城区上游、城区中心和城区下游采样点间没有显著差别,在不同月份有显著差别.除变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）外,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同月份都有显著差异;不同采样点中,只有Proteobacteria差异显著（主要是Betaproteobacteria差异显著）,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同采样点的差异均不显著.温度和流量是影响河流细菌群落的主要因子,其中温度与细菌可操作分类单元（OTU）相关性更高,流量则与门分类水平细菌相关性更高,暴雨径流中Firmicutes取代Actinobacteria和Proteobacteria成为丰度最高的菌群.温度、流量和电导率（EC）是影响OTU的最佳环境因子组合,流量和温度是影响门水平细菌群落的最佳环境因子组合.河水化学指标对细菌群落的影响小于温度、流量等水文气象条件.     

New consumer roles in waste water management

Network‐bound systems such as water and energy systems are increasingly confronted with environmental problems that cannot be solved without changing their modes of provision. More than any other flow provided through a network‐bound system, the waste water flow comes very close to intimate personal and social life, complicating the introduction of environmental innovations in this sector. Using the concepts of trust and identity, questions concerning changing consumer roles in two cases of Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse Systems in the Netherlands are addressed. In both cases the building of trust within provider networks and between consumers and providers, as well as the possibility for consumers and providers to identify themselves with the aims of the project were key factors determining the success or failure of environmental innovations in waste water flows.     

Sustainable development and participatory practices in community forestry: the case of FUNDECOR in Costa Rica

This paper studies the emergence of one particular ‘new’ environmental policy instrument: disclosure of emission and pollution data. Disclosure is part of a relatively new sub‐set of regulatory measures, based on monitoring, transparency, citizen‐empowerment and accountability. It originated in the United States but has recently attracted international attention. The attractiveness of disclosure is obvious; it promises environmental improvement combined with strengthened environmental democracy and community empowerment. By analysing the experiences in the US, and the developments in the Netherlands, this paper seeks to assess the functioning and effectiveness of disclosure. The available empirical evidence suggests that disclosure has a positive impact on the environmental performance of industrial facilities as well as a democratising effect. It is argued that Dutch policy makers wrongfully assume that disclosure cannot work in the Netherlands. The consequence is that citizens are provided with little specific information that cannot be used to put pressure on polluters.     

Perspectives on utilising Community Land Trusts as a vehicle for affordable housing provision

With lack of affordable housing being clearly identified as a social and economic exclusion issue for most communities, innovative ways of addressing this deficiency should be considered. Increasingly local communities are engaging with the possibility of direct provision themselves and discussion around this notion has profound implications for community cohesion. One community-based solution gaining popular support within communities, and with government ministers, is the Community Land Trust mechanism. This involves control and ownership of land to help ensure affordable housing is built and remains affordable in perpetuity for the community. The language and difficulties with definition of terms, together with the complexity of engaging relevant stakeholders in a changing policy and legislative framework can be problematic. This may lead to apparent lack of consensus within communities on the way forward. Perceptions of local housing issues and ways to address them are sometimes vague, sometimes diverse but rarely apathetic. This paper includes data from two case studies in North East England, which are examined using interviews with key players, as a means of seeking some practical solutions.