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981.
Sarah Ewing 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(3):663-673
ABSTRACT: Australia's ‘Landcare’ program is a community-based participatory program established by government to tackle the problem of land degradation. Landcare involves thousands of Australians working together in locally based groups, tackling problems of common concern. Government and community are now looking to ‘scale up’ the Landcare idea to a regional level. State and territory governments have moved to create regional (often watershed-based) frameworks for land management planning and resource conservation, in accordance with the concept of integrated watershed management. Growing out of the success of community involvement in Landcare, many of these approaches involve the community. However scaling up of the Landcare idea introduces problems of both time and space. There have been a number of problems experienced in the implementation of Landcare and integrated watershed management. These problems include the equitable delineation of membership on decision-making bodies; the raising of sufficient funds for program implementation; and the coordination of a diversity of governmental layers, planning processes and management programs. This paper reviews how the State of Victoria has responded to these challenges and suggests what challenges remain. 相似文献
982.
Leena Hintsanen Emma-Liina Marjakangas Andrea Santangeli Alison Johnston Aleksi Lehikoinen 《Conservation biology》2023,37(5):e14134
Conservation of biodiversity relies heavily on protected areas but their role and effectiveness under a warming climate is still debated. We estimated the climate-driven changes in the temperature niche compositions of bird communities inside and outside protected areas in southern Canada. We hypothesized that communities inside protected areas include a higher proportion of cold-dwelling species than communities outside protected areas. We also hypothesized that communities shift to warm-dwelling species more slowly inside protected areas than outside. To study community changes, we used large-scale and long-term (1997–2019) data from the Breeding Bird Survey of Canada. To describe the temperature niche compositions of bird communities, we calculated the community temperature index (CTI) annually for each community inside and outside protected areas. Generally, warm-dwelling species dominated communities with high CTI values. We modeled temporal changes in CTI as a function of protection status with linear mixed-effect models. We also determined which species contributed most to the temporal changes in CTI with a jackknife approach. As anticipated, CTI was lower inside protected areas than outside. However, contrary to our expectation, CTI increased faster over time inside than outside protected areas and warm-dwelling species contributed most to CTI change inside protected areas. These results highlight the ubiquitous impacts of climate warming. Currently, protected areas can aid cold-dwelling species by providing habitat, but as the climate warms, the communities’ temperature compositions inside protected areas quickly begin to resemble those outside protected areas, suggesting that protected areas delay the impacts of climate warming on cold-dwelling species. 相似文献
983.
Hongcan Cui Ronghua Xu Zhong Yu Yuanyuan Yao Shaoqing Zhang Fangang Meng 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(3):36
984.
在A2O系统中,通过分别向缺氧区和好氧区投加亚硝酸盐的方式,考察和分析了亚硝酸盐的存在对系统脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,系统的硝化、反硝化及除磷性能均对亚硝酸盐的存在比较敏感.亚硝酸盐存在于好氧段时对硝化性能的影响较大,当好氧段亚硝酸盐浓度达到25mg/L时,系统硝化速率仅有5.26mg/(L·h).亚硝酸盐存在于缺氧段时对反硝化性能的抑制作用较大,且当亚硝酸盐长期存在于缺氧段时,系统的反硝化速率降低至11.83mg/(L·h),与正常情况相比下降了60%;亚硝酸盐存在于好氧段时会严重抑制聚磷菌的吸磷能力,系统磷去除率仅有22%.当亚硝酸盐存在于缺氧段时,会引发系统的污泥膨胀问题,导致聚磷菌流失,聚磷菌数量减少到2.02%左右,继而引发系统除磷效果严重恶化. 相似文献
985.
A straightened stream stretch with poor habitat heterogeneity was divided into a “control” section with a low amount of submerged woody debris and an experimentally “wood-enriched” downstream section to study the effect of enhanced habitat diversity on the benthic invertebrate community. The downstream section was enriched by fixing 25 wood packages constructed from 9–10 branches on the stream bottom. Succession processes occurring in the two stream sections were compared by chironomid exuviae drift from July to November 2000 and from April to August 2001. During the first sampling period, more drifting chironomid exuviae (medians of control vs. wood-enriched: 446 vs. 331, no significant difference) and total number of taxa (44 vs. 36, Wilcoxon signed-rank test P = 0.019) were recorded for the control section. Although species compositions of both stream sections were highly similar (Sørensen index: 0.83) the diversity in the wood-enriched section was distinctly lower compared to the control section (Shannon–Weaver index: 1.19 vs. 1.50). During the second sampling period, exuviae numbers remained higher in the control section (median: 326 vs. 166), but total numbers of taxa were nearly equal (51 vs. 49), as well as species diversity (Shannon–Weaver index: 1.67 vs. 1.64). The lower chironomid diversity observed during the first sampling period coincided with a gradual but significant change of the streambed morphology in the wood-enriched section. There, the initially more U-shaped profile (V/U = 0.81 ± 0.37) had turned into a pronounced V shape (V/U = 1.14 ± 0.21), whereas the control section retained its unaltered U shape (V/U = 0.62–0.75). This small-scale study on experimental of woody debris in sandy lowland streams showed that the negative impact of increased hydraulic disturbance of the existing streambed more than outweighed any positive impact resulting from the increase in woody debris. 相似文献
986.
解磷微生物能够将土壤中难溶性的磷转化为可供植物吸收的磷,同时可溶性磷酸盐也能与重金属结合生成沉淀,降低土壤中有效态重金属的含量,进而阻控作物对重金属的吸收,在重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着重要的作用. 通过溶液培养试验研究解磷细菌Klebsiella sp. M2固定Cd和Pb以及释放PO43-的规律,并通过盆栽试验探究菌株M2对小麦吸收Cd和Pb的影响及其微生物学机制. 结果显示,菌株M2通过细胞壁吸附和诱导磷酸盐沉淀降低溶液中Cd和Pb的浓度,并增加溶液中PO43-的浓度. 盆栽试验表明,与不接菌和接灭活菌M2对照相比,接种活菌株M2后能够显著提高(123%~293%)土壤Ca2-P和Ca8-P的含量,降低小麦根际土壤中DTPA-Cd(34.48%)和DTPA-Pb(36.72%)的含量,进而阻控小麦籽粒对Cd和Pb的富集. 此外,高通量测序结果表明,菌株M2显著提高了小麦根际细菌群落的多样性,提高了小麦根际土壤中Proteobacteria、Gemmatimonadetes和Bacteroidota的相对丰度,同时增加小麦根际土壤中具有重金属固定和解磷促生特性细菌的相对丰度(主要为Sphingomonas、Nocardioides、Bacillus、Gemmatimonas和Enterobacter),而这些菌属在钝化重金属和阻控小麦吸收重金属的过程中发挥了重要作用. 研究结果可为重金属污染农田的生物修复提供菌种资源和理论依据. 相似文献
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990.
石油污染土壤微生物群落结构与分布特性研究 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
针对污染胁迫下土壤微生物群落结构与分布问题,基于PCR-DGGE分析与系统发育树等现代分子生物学分析方法,探讨典型油田区石油污染土壤微生物群落结构特征,污染水平与微生物群落分布的关系.结果表明,污染土壤石油含量的差异是造成微生物群落结构相似度差异的主要因素;微生物群落结构相似性指数与土壤石油污染水平具有显著相关性;随着土壤污染程度的增加,微生物群落的均匀度指数降低,菌属分布不均匀,表现出土壤微生物群落结构和种属的污染胁迫与分异现象;石油污染土壤中存在明显的优势菌属:Gulosibacter、Halomonas、Petrobacter、Methylocystis、Pseudoalteromonas.本研究结果为认识石油污染土壤微生物特性提供基础. 相似文献