反应器分区提高生物接触氧化硝化性能的研究

为克服普通生物接触氧化反应器中因硝化菌与有机物降解菌的竞争劣势而影响硝化活性的问题,将反应器简单分隔,通过微生物生态调控,以提高硝化性能.结果表明,在BOD、TN负荷分别为1.0、0.19kg/(m³·d)的中等负荷条件下,反应器分区后硝化率提高33%.反应器两区分别形成以降解有机物和硝化为主的功能区.分区式接触氧化反应器后区段的硝化速率是单区式反应器的2.8～4.5倍,亚硝酸菌密度提高1个数量级.分区式反应器在0.26kg/(m³·d)的高TN负荷条件下运行时,由于硝化细菌活性降低导致硝化率降低,而在0.08kg/(m³·d)的低负荷条件下运行时,后区段过低的氨氮浓度限制了硝化能力的发挥,因此分区式反应器宜在中等负荷下运行.     

接触絮凝研究进展

接触絮凝的概念源于直接过滤 ,是指介质存在时的絮凝作用。由于简便易行、处理效果良好 ,接触絮凝方法处于迅速发展之中 ,并且具有广泛的应用前景。其研究范围包括物理、化学、胶体界面过程等相互作用。本文以溶液中的颗粒物相互作用为基础 ,对接触絮凝理论的发展加以简要概述     

The role of migration and founder effect for the evolution of cooperation in a multilevel selection context

The idea that natural selection can be meaningfully applied at the group level may be more important than previously thought. This perspective, a modern version of group selection, is called multilevel selection. Multilevel selection theory could incorporate previous explanations for the evolution of cooperation including kin selection. There is general agreement that natural selection favors noncooperators over cooperators in the case of an unstructured population. Therefore, the evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection often requires positive assortment between cooperators and noncooperators. The question is how this positive assortment can arise in the ecological meaning. We constructed an individual-based model of multilevel selection and introduced migration and evolution. The results showed that positive assortment was generated especially when a migration strategy was adopted in which individuals respond specifically to bad environmental conditions. It was also shown that the founder effect in the evolutionary process could further facilitate positive assortment by working with migration. We analyzed assortment by using relatedness defined in group-structured populations. The fact that cooperation was achieved by such migration and by the founder effect highlights the importance of sensitiveness to the ecological environment and of fluctuations in group size, respectively.     

丙烯酰胺生态毒理行为研究进展

丙烯酰胺(AM)是一种重要的化工产品,在不同领域均有广泛的应用,其生态毒理行为一直是人们关注的焦点.论文从AM的理化特性出发,概述了AM在生物体内的行为,探讨了AM对生物体的危害,分析了AM在环境中的归宿,提出了AM的预防措施,为今后AM的使用、治理及预防提供了一定的参考和依据.     

利用涡流空化效应降解水中罗丹明B

涡流空化通过特殊结构的涡流仓产生,流体在涡流仓中形成压力远低于大气压力的低压区域,从而产生空化效应.通过CFX计算软件对涡流形成情况进行了模拟计算,确定了适宜的结构参数.对罗丹明B进行了实际降解试验,考察了压力和温度对降解的影响,结果表明,压力提高对降解有利,而温度的影响有一定复杂性.涡流空化降解和超声空化降解的对比试验结果表明,涡流空化降解效率远大于超声空化.      

Effect of cadmium alone and in combination with butachlor on soil enzymes

The ecological toxicity of cadmium (Cd, 10 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight soil) and butachlor (10, 50 and100 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight soil) in both their single and combined effects on soil urease and phosphatase was studied after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days exposure under controlled conditions in paddy and phaeozem soils. The results showed that Cd reduced the activities of urease and phosphatase at early incubation time (1–7 days), while the reduction almost disappeared at the end of the incubation. The effect of Cd on phosphatase was more pronounced than that on urease. The activities of urease and phosphatase were reduced by butachlor, while urease activity was significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) improved when the concentrations of butachlor were 10 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ at the end of the incubation. When Cd (10 mg kg⁻¹) was combined with butachlor (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹), the activities of urease and phosphatase became lower than without combination at early incubation time, which indicated that the toxicity of Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, when Cd (10 mg kg⁻¹) was combined with butachlor (10 mg kg⁻¹), the activities of urease and phosphatase became higher than those without combination at the end of the incubation, which indicated that the toxicity of Cd decreased. It was indicated that the combined effects depended largely on the incubation time and the concentration ratio of Cd and butachlor. In addition, it was showed that the combined effects of butachlor and Cd appeared different in paddy from phaeozem, which may be related to the different properties of these soils.     

沙漠化地区退耕还林政策的生态经济效应分析——以民勤县为例

退耕还林是沙漠化地区生态环境治理的主要内容。论文以沙漠化严重的民勤县为例,采用环境社会学的研究方法,对民勤县农户的退耕还林意愿和退耕还林政策的生态经济效应在农户中的响应进行了典型调查和抽样调查,并搜集了相关数据。统计分析表明:退耕还林涉及到农户土地利用方式的变化,农户的退耕意愿主要取决于退耕后经济利益的得失;农户虽然在近期承受退耕地收益减少的负担,但长期可以得到退耕还林的保肥效果和减少风沙灾害损失的生态经济效果。退耕还林具有典型的外部经济性,政府应该为退耕还林的成本全部买单,同时,在调整退耕地结构、优化退耕模式的过程中还要协调好退耕还林与农户增收的关系。     

发展阻燃型HIPS纳米复合材料的研究

本文运用一步熔融共混法制备了含有十溴联苯醚（DBDPO）或十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）和C16改性蒙脱土（MMT）的高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）复合材料,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、UL 94垂直燃烧和锥型量热等试验手段对其燃烧性能和相态进行了表征.结果标明,DBDPO/E存在时仍可获得具有插层结构的HIPS纳米复合材料.由于十溴和蒙脱土两种体系间的良好协同效应,这些材料的阻燃性提高、燃烧后的热释放速率下降.文中对其潜在机理进行了探讨.这种协同效应可用于指导发展环保性和阻燃性兼顾的HIPS纳米复合材料.     

声波清灰技术在袋式除尘器上的应用

利用声波清灰技术替代袋式除尘器传统的反吹、机械振打等清灰方式。运行结果表明:该技术运行可靠,维护量低,经济实用,解决了袋式除尘器易损坏,维护量大等问题。     

UASB-CASS-接触氧化工艺处理玉米酒精废水

介绍了采用UASB-CASS-接触氧化工艺处理玉米酒精废水的工程应用。实际运行表明玉米酒精生产工艺在采取清洁生产措施条件下,酒精生产装置混合生产废水CODCr、BOD5、SS分别控制在8000mg/L、3200mg/L和1500mg/L以内,经过UASB+CASS+接触氧化工艺处理后,外排废水可以达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。同时,对废水处理过程中污泥和沼气利用途径进行了探索,为解决废水二次污染问题提供了可借鉴的实践经验。