京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制实施效果及完善建议

回顾了我国京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制发展历程,从目标效果、制度框架、措施手段等视角系统地阐述了京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制的实施效果.结果表明:①京津冀地区大气污染联防联控的预期目标（2017年）基本实现,并且随着控制目标逐渐严格,已由年尺度细化至日尺度.②京津冀地区大气污染联防联控顶层制度框架逐渐成熟,运行机制逐渐健全统一,重污染应急管控预案趋向于成本有效性减排策略.③当前大气污染联防联控手段基本为命令控制型,在源头控制上主要采用新源环境准入、老旧源落后产能淘汰、燃煤控制与小规模炉窑综合整治等产业结构优化和能源消耗结构调整策略;在末端控制上,逐步规范和强化大气固定源排污许可证管理制度,实施精细化的移动源、面源排放管理模式.④建议加快建立京津冀地区空气质量管理常设机构,实现大气污染联防联控的长效化;建议实施区域性大气固定源排污许可证制度,在此基础上引入经济刺激型手段,建立基于京津冀地区空气质量改善目标的大气固定源排污权交易制度,让市场机制促使污染源进一步减排和污染控制技术水平的不断提升.      

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

长三角区域环境联合执法机制完善研究

开展跨区域联合执法是解决长三角跨界环境问题的重要途径。长三角区域环境联合执法的实质在于打破传统属地管辖模式,在一定程度上实现行政管辖权的共享。目前,长三角区域在建立区域合作机构、开展环境合作活动、统一环境执法依据等方面已经进行了积极探索,但依然存在执法主体不规范、执法权限不充分、执法依据不统一等问题。长三角区域环境联合执法所采取的横向府际协同模式以及统一执法与联合执法相结合的模式具有一定优势,需要在此基础上加以改进。未来需要规范联合执法队伍的组建,通过区域合作和中央批准的方式建立联合执法队伍并对执法主体进行明确授权,充分发挥现有机构的监督协调作用,以及通过分区域、分行业、分时段的方式逐渐统一执法依据。     

镉和酚对多刺裸腹蚤的联合毒性试验

目前，镉和酚广泛存在于工业废水中，对环境和人类有着严重的危害。为了研究这两种物质对水生生物的作用，本文在研究了镉和酚两种单一因子对多刺裸腹蚤急性毒性作用基础上，采用联合指数相加法，研究了联合毒性效应。实验结果表明：锟对多刺裸腹蚤24h的LC50为0．042mg／L，苯酚对多刺裸腹蚤24h的LC50为0．044mg／L。苯酚和镉对多刺裸腹蚤的联合毒性为小于相加作用，既存在拮抗作用。     

混凝土大坝抗震安全评价的发展趋向

一大批世界级超高拱坝已经和即将在我国西南和西北强地震活动区进行建设。大坝在国民经济发展中占有重要地位,大坝的抗震安全评价将成为我国地震工程研究的一个重要方向。本文对大坝抗震安全评价的研究现状进行了扼要总结,特别对大坝抗震安全有关的若干重要技术问题进行了深入讨论。其中包括抗震设防标准与地震动输入模式;混凝土材料的率敏感特性及其对大坝地震响应的影响;坝-水库-地基动力相互作用效应;强震时拱坝横缝的非线性张合效应;混凝土大坝的非线性地震响应与损伤发展的模拟等。对现有分析模型和方法的有效性及其局限性进行了评述。最后,对该课题今后进一步研究的方向提出了建议。     

造纸黑液资源化清洁生产工程技术

造纸黑液资源化联产工程技术,具有新颖的构思,用回收资源来治理污染,将秸秆的利用从单一的纤维素造纸,改造为综合利用纤维素,木质素和聚糖类等资源和联产技术,本技术污染治理彻底,将黑液各组分分离,生产出３种原料产品,二次产品开发前景广阔,具有明显的环境效益,社会效益和经济效益。     

四氯乙烯和对二氯苯对草鱼的联合毒性

采用水生污染暴露试验和水生毒理联合效应相加指数法,研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)和对二氯苯(P-DCB)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的单一毒性与联合毒性.结果表明,PCE和P-DCB的单一毒性均为高毒,且P-DCB的毒性大于PCE.PCE和P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在浓度1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的相加指数(AI)分别为0.26,0.37,0.78,0.98,联合毒性为相加作用.PCE与P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在毒性1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的AI分别为-0.15,0.24,0.83,1.30,联合毒性主要是相加作用,但是随着染毒时间的延长,联合毒性由相加作用向协同作用转变.     

铜、锌和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的毒性研究

以泽蛙蝌蚪为实验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了Cu,Zn和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性及联合毒性效应.结果表明:Cu,Zn和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性顺序为Cu>三唑磷>Zn.Cu对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为0.98,0.70和0.43 mg/L;Zn对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为60.0,51.0和46.5 mg/L;三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.63,5.47和5.30 mg/L.联合毒性实验结果表明:Cu与Zn的联合毒性为协同作用;Cu与三唑磷的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Zn与三唑磷,Cu与Zn及三唑磷同时共存时的联合毒性,24 h时为拮抗作用,48和96 h时为协同作用.      

建立南京、镇江、扬州三市大气污染联防联控机制探讨

随着城市规模的快速扩张,区域内城市连片开发和建设,受大气环流及大气化学的双重作用,城市之间大气污染物交叉流动、相互传输,使相邻几个城市的大气污染相互影响,区域性大气污染问题越来越严重.该文以南京、镇江、扬州三市为例,通过分析区域性大气污染问题及其成因,认为建立宁、镇、扬大气污染联防联控机制十分必要,对于改善区域大气环境质量,促进区域经济社会可持续发展有重要意义.