Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle: A grand challenge for the twenty-first century: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication

Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle by humans results primarily from activities associated with food and energy production. Since the middle of the twentieth century, human activities have more than doubled inputs of nitrogen to the Earth’s ecosystems. This new nitrogen is in chemically and biologically active forms (reactive N) and moves through the environment causing an array of health and environmental problems. Research published in Ambio for the past three decades has been documenting this major global-scale problem and has catalyzed the formation of a science-led initiative, the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI), which has informed policies to manage the global nitrogen cycle. Currently, gaps and opportunities in nitrogen pollution policies still exist and require new interdisciplinary science to help to place the nitrogen management challenge in the context of the other environmental grand challenges of our time including climate change and biodiversity loss because their solutions will be interconnected.     

“The Good Life”: Engaging the public with community-based carbon reduction strategies

In recent years the UK has positioned itself to become a global leader in addressing climate change. Along with this positioning, there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of communities to facilitate, increase and sustain carbon reduction practices. Previous research into community-based carbon reduction projects has highlighted the difficulty of engaging the public in community initiatives and sustaining pro-environmental behaviours. The importance placed on addressing climate change necessitates an understanding of how individuals respond to, and engage with, (or even ignore) community-based carbon reduction strategies. The paper presents findings from focus groups in three urban communities and investigates individual engagements with community-based carbon reduction strategies. Focusing on the three dimensions of engagement: cognitive; affective and; behavioural, the paper discusses what people know, feel and do about addressing climate change at the community level. An “information-vacuum” is reported that leads to an “awareness-involvement gap” that inhibits sustained engagement with community projects. Drawing on these findings, the paper advances a new theoretical framework and a “what works” approach for community-based initiatives attempting to meaningfully engage the public with addressing climate change and sustainable living.     

微生物絮凝剂(MBF)研究策略与技术进展

当前微生物絮凝剂正处于理论研究与产业化交织阶段,文章较全面地综述了本领域研究策略和最新技术进展。研究策略体现出特异、高效、价廉、复合和联用等方向;总结了特异、高效产絮单菌株的筛选、廉价替代培养基的选用、产絮条件的优化等改善MBF应用的技术途径,并着重就近年来与微生物絮凝剂复合或联用的强化技术进行了探讨,包括复合型微生物絮凝剂、MBF与传统絮凝剂的复配、MBF与纳米材料的联用、絮凝微生物固定化技术等。在此基础上指出了微生物絮凝剂今后的发展方向,并提出了建议。     

长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策

长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的地区之一，随着经济的高速发展，区内地表水环境迅速趋于恶化。研究发现，畜禽粪便流失污染地表水的现象已成为本区郊县(区)最大的有机污染源和最引入注目的非点源污染问题之一。以地处长江三角洲地区的上海、苏锡常、杭嘉湖和宁绍地区为例，结合当地畜禽饲养量，采用各类畜禽的粪便及其污染物的排泄系数，估算了畜禽粪便的污染负荷当量。从现行的政策法规、饲养基地的布局和利用情况等方面分析了近年来本区畜禽污染严重的原因。提出要加强畜禽粪便的综合治理力度，制订畜牧业污染防治法，完善和配套畜禽粪便的综合治理设施，实现畜禽粪便的资源化、减量化、无害化和生态化，形成布局合理、设施先进、清洁生产、达标排放的长江三角洲畜牧业生产新格局。     

甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略探析

甲烷的全球变暖潜势是二氧化碳的72倍(20年水平),但其在大气中的寿命短于二氧化碳,可以作为优先减排对象。中国的甲烷排放十分突出,甲烷减排在应对气候变化国家战略中具有重要的基础性地位,然而在政策研究中,甲烷受到的关注程度远低于二氧化碳。本文基于甲烷排放研究的相关进展,首次系统性地论述了中国甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略之间的关系。主要结论是:甲烷排放的有效控制和减缓可以成为中国温室气体减排的重要组成部分,甲烷等温室气体的减排战略要用"系统减排"思路替代传统的"末端减排"思路;甲烷系统减排的策略和实施措施不仅需要重视主要排放部门(如煤炭开采与洗选业,农业)的直接末端减排,更需要突出强调建设活动、城市消费、资本投资和出口贸易等消费端的间接体现减排;在国际气候谈判中通过纳入甲烷排放,可以至少在五个方面丰富和支撑中国的国家立场,如从承诺"单位GDP二氧化碳减排"向承诺"单位GDP温室气体减排"转变。     

稻田保护性耕作的生态效应研究进展与发展建议

首先阐述了保护性耕作的国内外发展现状,指出我国保护性耕作存在的主要问题：关键技术创新研究不够,具有中国南方特色的稻田保护性耕作制度、模式及其技术体系尚未形成;与南方独特的自然地理条件、复杂的稻田耕作制度相匹配的保护性耕作机具研究亟待加强;技术推广保障体系薄弱,适合农村实际的推广机制有待进—步探索。其次,从土壤理化性状、土壤生物学特性、节能减排效应和病虫害生态调控等4方面综述了稻田保护性耕作的生态效应最新研究进展。最后,针对我国南方稻区特别是西南丘陵山区稻田保护性耕作的发展提出了3点建议：加大政策扶持力度,建立政策优惠、财政补贴、生态补偿等多元化长效投入机制;重点开展技术攻关,深入研究中稻-再生稻优质、高产、高效保护性耕作关键技术;丘陵山区稻田周年高效农作制度创新与配套保护性耕作技术,以及以水旱轮作为中心的稻田保护性耕作技术节能减排效应的技术机理;进一步强化现有技术集成,扩大技术成果的示范,加快技术成果向生产力的转变。     

Toward a Management Framework for Networks of Protected Areas in the Face of Climate Change

Abstract: Networks of sites of high importance for conservation of biological diversity are a cornerstone of current conservation strategies but are fixed in space and time. As climate change progresses, substantial shifts in species’ ranges may transform the ecological community that can be supported at a given site. Thus, some species in an existing network may not be protected in the future or may be protected only if they can move to sites that in future provide suitable conditions. We developed an approach to determine appropriate climate‐change adaptation strategies for individual sites within a network that was based on projections of future changes in the relative proportions of emigrants (species for which a site becomes climatically unsuitable), colonists (species for which a site becomes climatically suitable), and persistent species (species able to remain within a site despite the climatic change). Our approach also identifies key regions where additions to a network could enhance its future effectiveness. Using the sub‐Saharan African Important Bird Area (IBA) network as a case study, we found that appropriate conservation strategies for individual sites varied widely across sub‐Saharan Africa, and key regions where new sites could help increase network robustness varied in space and time. Although these results highlight the potential difficulties within any planning framework that seeks to address climate‐change adaptation needs, they demonstrate that such planning frameworks are necessary, if current conservation strategies are to be adapted effectively, and feasible, if applied judiciously.     

网络营销4P策略分析

从网络营销4P组合因素——产品(product)、价格(price)、渠道(place)及促销(promotion)的具体特点出发,比较了网络营销4P组合策略与传统营销组合策略的不同,并对网络营销4P组合策略进行了具体分析。     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

游客食物浪费行为驱动因素及监测评估

游客食物浪费是中国食物浪费的“重灾区”,给旅游地和区域可持续发展带来严峻挑战。本文运用文献分析法,探讨了游客食物浪费行为驱动因素及监测评估技术。结果表明：（1）消费性与文化性、复杂性与冲动性、必然性与象征性、习惯性与探奇性是游客食物消费行为的主要特征。（2）全球化、工业化、城镇化、传统文化及政策的推动作用,旅游企业运营管理及上下游产业链利益主体的促进作用,游客食物消费的情境性及年龄、收入等因素的引致作用是驱动游客食物浪费行为的重要因素。（3）游客食物浪费量的测度方法有食物日记法、直接测量法、质量平衡法、废物成分分析法、调查统计方法和树形结构模型,其行为评估主要运用问卷、访谈等定性分析,监控方式有采购和库存表、车载车辆称重设备、食品垃圾自动跟踪系统专利技术、智能菜单等。研究结论对推动《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的落地实施、提高相关部门减少游客食物浪费决策的精准性具有借鉴和参考价值。